Instruction: Can offline signing take place over multiple sessions?

Output: Yes, offline signing can take place over multiple sessions. In such cases, you need to pass the absent signer's public key for each role and any pubkeys that were specified but did not generate a signature will be listed as absent in the offline signing output.


Instruction: What is the time limit for a Solana transaction to be signed and accepted by the network?

Output: Typically, a Solana transaction must be signed and accepted by the network within a number of slots from the blockhash in its recent_blockhash field, which is approximately 1 minute at the time of writing.


Instruction: How can a Durable Transaction Nonce help if my signing procedure takes longer than the required time limit?

Output: A Durable Transaction Nonce can provide extra time for your signing procedure. It allows you to extend the time limit for signing a transaction, giving you the flexibility you need.


Instruction: How can developers deploy on-chain programs with Solana?

Output: Developers can deploy on-chain programs with Solana using the Solana tools.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the intro to Solana programs?

Output: The intro to Solana programs provides an overview and introduction to developing and executing programs on Solana.


Instruction: How can anyone execute a deployed program on Solana?

Output: Anyone can execute a deployed program on Solana by sending transactions that reference it to the cluster.


Instruction: What is the function of the program id in program deployment?

Output: The program id is returned after a successful deployment and serves as the unique identifier for the deployed program.


Instruction: How can a program be redeployed to the same address?

Output: A program can be redeployed to the same address to facilitate rapid development, bug fixes, or upgrades.


Instruction: What is staking in the context of Solana?

Output: Staking refers to the process of delegating tokens to a validator in order to participate in the network's consensus mechanism and earn rewards.


Instruction: How are validators rewarded in Solana?

Output: Validators in Solana are rewarded with newly generated SOL tokens periodically based on the amount of stake delegated to them.


Instruction: How can I delegate stake to multiple validators?

Output: To delegate stake to multiple validators, you will need to create multiple stake accounts and manage the addresses associated with each account.


Instruction: How can I find the vote account address of a validator in Solana?

Output: You can find the vote account address of a validator by querying the cluster for the list of all validators and their vote accounts using the solana validators command.


Instruction: Can I transfer tokens from an existing stake account to a new one?

Output: Yes, you can transfer tokens from an existing stake account to a new one using the solana split-stake command.


Instruction: How do I receive and send SOL tokens using command line tools?

Output: To receive and send SOL tokens using command line tools, you need to have a wallet with its address (pubkey) and signing keypair.


Instruction: What is the purpose of creating a second wallet in addition to my first wallet?

Output: Creating a second wallet allows you to transfer tokens to it and confirm that you can send and receive tokens on your chosen wallet type.


Instruction: How can I confirm if an airdrop was successful?

Output: You can confirm if an airdrop was successful by checking the balance of the recipient's account. It should output the expected amount of tokens.


Instruction: What is the purpose of creating a second keypair?

Output: Creating a second keypair allows you to have a new address to receive your tokens.


Instruction: How can I prove that I own the airdropped tokens?

Output: You can prove that you own the airdropped tokens by transferring them using the private keypair corresponding to the sender's public key in the transaction.


Instruction: How can I check what cluster the Solana command-line tool is currently targeting?

Output: You can check the currently targeted cluster by running the command "solana config set".


Instruction: Is it necessary to set a cluster target in the Solana command-line tool?

Output: While not strictly necessary, setting a cluster target allows future subcommands to send/receive information from that specific cluster.


Instruction: What should be the version compatibility between the locally-installed CLI and the cluster version?

Output: It is recommended to ensure that the local CLI version is greater than or equal to the cluster version for optimal functionality.


Instruction: How can I determine the locally-installed CLI version?

Output: To get the locally-installed CLI version, you can run a command to retrieve it.


Instruction: Where can I find general information about the available clusters in Solana?

Output: You can find general information about the available clusters in Solana by referring to the "Solana Clusters" section.


Instruction: What is the Solana CLI?

Output: The Solana CLI is a collection of different commands for various actions in the Solana network.


Instruction: How can I view the list of all possible commands in the Solana CLI?

Output: You can view the list of all possible commands by running a specific command in the CLI.


Instruction: How can I learn more about a particular command in the Solana CLI?

Output: To learn more about a particular command, you can run a specific command in the CLI and replace "<COMMAND>" with the name of the command you want to know more about.


Instruction: What are the placeholders used in the command's usage message?

Output: The placeholders used in the command's usage message, such as "<AMOUNT>", "<ACCOUNT_ADDRESS>", or "<KEYPAIR>", are placeholders for the type of text you can use when executing the command.


Instruction: How can I display a wallet's address in the Solana CLI?

Output: To display a wallet's address (also known as the keypair's pubkey), you can follow a specific command mentioned in the CLI help document.


Instruction: How can I set up my wallet for Solana?

Output: To set up your wallet for Solana, please refer to the relevant pages in our Wallet Guide. If you have any further questions, feel free to reach out to us on our Telegram.


Instruction: What are some popular wallets that support Solana?

Output: Some popular wallets that support Solana include Trust Wallet, Sollet.io, and Ledger Live. Make sure to check our documents for the latest available features on these wallets.


Instruction: How can I reach out for technical support regarding Solana?

Output: For technical support regarding Solana, we recommend asking a question on StackOverflow and tagging your question with "solana". This will help the community and experts provide you with the necessary assistance.


Instruction: Are there any additional features being developed for popular wallets to support Solana?

Output: Yes, the Solana team is actively working on supporting new features on popular wallets. We strive to keep our documents up to date with the latest available features, so make sure to check them regularly.


Instruction: What should I do if I have questions after reading the wallet guide?

Output: If you have any questions after reading the wallet guide, please don't hesitate to reach out to us on our Telegram. We are here to help and provide further clarification.


Instruction: What are the different ways to install Solana tools on my computer?

Output: There are multiple ways to install Solana tools on your computer, depending on your preferred workflow.


Instruction: How can I install the Solana release on my machine?

Output: You can install the Solana release on your machine by running the command provided in the documentation.


Instruction: What are the three symbolic channel names I can use when installing Solana?

Output: The three symbolic channel names you can use when installing Solana are stable, beta, and edge.


Instruction: Is there an alternative to using solana-install to manage the install?

Output: Yes, if you prefer not to use solana-install, you can manually download and install the binaries for Solana.


Instruction: How can I obtain the same result as with prebuilt binaries if I prefer to build Solana from source?

Output: If you prefer to build Solana from source, you can navigate to the Solana GitHub page, download the source code archive, and build the binaries yourself.


Instruction: What is off-chain message signing?

Output: Off-chain message signing is a method of signing non-transaction messages with a Solana wallet to authenticate users or provide proof of wallet ownership.


Instruction: How can off-chain message signing be used?

Output: Off-chain message signing can be used to authenticate users or provide proof of wallet ownership.


Instruction: How do I sign an arbitrary off-chain message?

Output: To sign an arbitrary off-chain message, you can run the command provided in the document.


Instruction: Can I sign an off-chain message with another key?

Output: Yes, you can sign an off-chain message with another key by using the -k/--keypair option.


Instruction: How can I verify the off-chain message signature?

Output: To verify the off-chain message signature, you can run the command provided in the document.


Instruction: What is the difference between stocks and bonds?

Output: Stocks represent ownership in a company, while bonds are a form of debt that companies or governments issue to raise capital.


Instruction: How does diversification help reduce risk in a portfolio?

Output: Diversification involves spreading investments across different asset classes, sectors, and regions to minimize the impact of any single investment's performance on the overall portfolio.


Instruction: Can you explain the concept of compound interest?

Output: Compound interest is the interest earned on both the initial amount of money invested (principal) and the accumulated interest from previous periods. Over time, compound interest can significantly increase the value of an investment.


Instruction: What is the purpose of a retirement account?

Output: A retirement account is designed to help individuals save and invest for their retirement years. It offers tax advantages and typically has restrictions on when funds can be withdrawn without penalty.


Instruction: How does inflation impact purchasing power?

Output: Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money over time. As prices rise, the same amount of money can buy fewer goods and services, reducing its value.


Instruction: What is the purpose of durable nonces in finance?

Output: Durable nonces are used as a mechanism to extend the lifetime of a transaction's recent_blockhash, allowing for more complex account ownership arrangements and derived account addresses.


Instruction: How are durable nonces implemented?

Output: Durable nonces are implemented as a Solana Program, which can be read about in the proposal. Full usage details for durable nonce CLI commands can be found in the CLI reference.


Instruction: Can authority over a nonce account be assigned to another account?

Output: Yes, authority over a nonce account can optionally be assigned to another account. In doing so, the new authority inherits full control over the nonce account from the previous authority, including the account creator.


Instruction: What is the purpose of keeping signing keys separate from transaction creation and network broadcast?

Output: Keeping signing keys separate from transaction creation and network broadcast enhances security by reducing the risk of unauthorized access or tampering with transactions.


Instruction: How can I sign a transaction offline using Solana's CLI?

Output: To sign a transaction offline using Solana's CLI, you can pass the necessary arguments on the command line.


Instruction: Can offline signing take place over multiple sessions?

Output: Yes, offline signing can take place over multiple sessions. In this scenario, you would pass the absent signer's public key for each role.


Instruction: What happens if a signature is not generated for a specified public key during offline signing?

Output: If no signature is generated for a specified public key during offline signing, that public key will be listed as absent in the offline signing output.


Instruction: How long does a Solana transaction typically need to be signed and accepted by the network?

Output: Typically, a Solana transaction must be signed and accepted by the network within a number of slots from the blockhash in its recent_blockhash field, which is approximately 1 minute at the time of writing.


Instruction: How can developers deploy on-chain programs with Solana tools?

Output: Developers can deploy on-chain programs with Solana tools by using the on-chain loader to interact with the cluster.


Instruction: What is the purpose of deploying a program with Solana tools?

Output: The purpose of deploying a program with Solana tools is to make it available for execution by anyone through transactions referencing it to the cluster.


Instruction: What do I need to deploy a program using Solana tools?

Output: To deploy a program using Solana tools, you will need the location of the program's shared object (the program binary .so).


Instruction: Can a program be redeployed to the same address?

Output: Yes, a program can be redeployed to the same address to facilitate rapid development, bug fixes, or upgrades.


Instruction: How can I close a program or buffer account and transfer its lamport balances?

Output: To close a program or buffer account and transfer its lamport balances to a recipient's account, the authority of the account must be present.


Instruction: What is staking in the context of finance?

Output: Staking is the process of holding and validating cryptocurrency tokens in a stake account to support the operations and security of a blockchain network.


Instruction: How do validators gain influence in determining the next valid block of transactions in a blockchain?

Output: Validators gain influence based on the amount of stake delegated to them. The more stake delegated, the more influence they have in the consensus process.


Instruction: How are rewards earned in staking?

Output: Rewards are earned based on the amount of stake delegated. The more stake delegated, the higher the rewards earned through staking.


Instruction: What is the purpose of a keypair in creating a stake account?

Output: A keypair is needed to create a stake account and acts as the public key or address for the account. It is used for performing actions on the stake account.


Instruction: Can stake be delegated to multiple validators?

Output: Yes, stake can be delegated to multiple validators. However, it requires creating multiple stake accounts and managing multiple addresses.


Instruction: How can I receive and send SOL tokens using command line tools?

Output: You can receive and send SOL tokens using a command line wallet such as a paper wallet, a file system wallet, or a hardware wallet.


Instruction: What do I need before I begin sending and receiving tokens?

Output: Before you begin, make sure you have created a wallet and have access to its address (pubkey) and the signing keypair.


Instruction: How can I confirm the success of an airdrop?

Output: You can confirm the success of an airdrop by checking the balance of the address. It should output 1 SOL if the airdrop was successful.


Instruction: How can I create a second wallet to receive tokens?

Output: To create a second wallet to receive tokens, you can create a new address by generating a second keypair and copying the address provided.


Instruction: How can I prove that I own the airdropped tokens before transferring them?

Output: To prove that you own the airdropped tokens, you need to sign the transaction with the private keypair corresponding to the sender's public key in the transaction.


Instruction: How can I check what cluster the Solana command-line tool is currently targeting?

Output: You can check the currently targeted cluster by running the command "solana config set".


Instruction: Is it necessary for the CLI version to match the software version running on the cluster?

Output: While not strictly necessary, the CLI generally works best when its version matches the software version on the cluster.


Instruction: How can I get the locally-installed CLI version?

Output: To get the locally-installed CLI version, you can run the command "solana --version".


Instruction: What should be the relationship between the local CLI version and the cluster version?

Output: It is recommended to ensure that the local CLI version is greater than or equal to the cluster version.


Instruction: How can I target a particular cluster using the Solana config set command?

Output: You can target a specific cluster by using the command "solana config set" followed by the cluster you want to target.


Instruction: What is the Solana CLI?

Output: The Solana CLI is a collection of different commands for various actions you might want to take in Solana.


Instruction: How can I view the list of all possible commands in Solana CLI?

Output: You can view the list of all possible commands by running a specific command in the CLI.


Instruction: How can I learn more about a particular command in Solana CLI?

Output: To learn more about a particular command, you can run a command that provides usage instructions for that specific command.


Instruction: What are the placeholders used in the command's usage message?

Output: The placeholders used in the command's usage message, such as <AMOUNT>, <ACCOUNT_ADDRESS>, or <KEYPAIR>, are placeholders for the type of text you can execute the command with.


Instruction: How can I replace the placeholders in the command's usage message?

Output: You can replace the placeholders in the command's usage message with relevant information, such as replacing <AMOUNT> with a specific number or <ACCOUNT_ADDRESS> with your actual public key.


Instruction: How can I set up my wallet of choice?

Output: To set up your wallet of choice, please read through the relevant pages in our Wallet Guide. If you have any further questions, feel free to reach out to us on our Telegram.


Instruction: Are there any new features being added to popular wallets?

Output: Yes, the Solana team is working hard to support new features on popular wallets. We strive to keep our documents up to date with the latest available features.


Instruction: Where can I find technical support for my wallet?

Output: For technical support, you can ask a question on StackOverflow and tag your questions with "solana". This will help you get the necessary assistance.


Instruction: What should I do if I have questions after reading the docs?

Output: If you have questions after reading the docs, feel free to reach out to us on our Telegram. We are here to help and address any concerns you may have.


Instruction: How can I ensure I am using my wallet correctly?

Output: If you have any trouble setting up or using your wallet of choice, please make sure you've read through all the relevant pages in our Wallet Guide. It provides detailed instructions to ensure you are using your wallet correctly.


Instruction: What are the different ways to install Solana tools on my computer?

Output: There are multiple ways to install Solana tools, including using the Solana release, manually downloading and installing the binaries, or building it yourself from source.


Instruction: How can I install the Solana release on my machine?

Output: You can install the Solana release by running the command provided in the documentation, replacing the version with the desired release tag or using one of the three symbolic channel names: stable, beta, or edge.


Instruction: Is there an alternative to using solana-install to manage the install?

Output: Yes, if you prefer not to use solana-install, you can manually download and install the binaries by following the instructions provided in the documentation.


Instruction: How can I download and extract the binaries for Solana on Linux?

Output: To download and extract the binaries for Solana on Linux, you can navigate to the Solana releases page on GitHub, download the appropriate tar.bz2 file, and then extract the archive.


Instruction: What should I do if I want to build Solana from source?

Output: If you are unable to use the prebuilt binaries or prefer to build Solana yourself from source, you can navigate to the Solana releases page on GitHub, download the Source Code archive, and then follow the instructions provided to build the binaries.


Instruction: How can I create a paper wallet using Solana CLI tools?

Output: You can generate a new seed phrase and derive a keypair from it using the solana-keygen tool.


Instruction: What should I do to securely store my seed phrase and passphrase?

Output: It is important to keep your seed phrase and passphrase stored safely in order to access your account. Consider using offline storage or a secure password manager.


Instruction: How can I check the balance of an account associated with a public key?

Output: To check the balance, you can use the solana-cli tool and provide the public key of the account as input.


Instruction: Can I derive child keys from my seed phrase and passphrase?

Output: Yes, you can derive child keys by supplying the appropriate query string with the solana-cli tool. This allows for hierarchical derivation of private keys.


Instruction: Is it possible to verify that I control the private key of a paper wallet address?

Output: Yes, you can use the solana-keygen verify command and provide the wallet address along with the seed phrase to verify control of the private key.


Instruction: How can multiple wallet addresses be useful in managing my finances?

Output: Multiple wallet addresses can be useful for transferring tokens between different accounts for various purposes, such as separating personal and business transactions or organizing investments.


Instruction: Are there any advantages to having multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Yes, having multiple wallet addresses can provide increased privacy and security as it makes it harder for others to trace your transactions or identify your total holdings.


Instruction: Where can I find assistance with managing my wallet addresses?

Output: You can find help and support regarding wallet addresses on our Wallet Support Page, which offers various resources and guidance on managing and using multiple addresses effectively.


Instruction: Can I transfer tokens between my own accounts using multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Yes, you can transfer tokens between your different accounts by utilizing multiple wallet addresses. This allows you to easily manage and track your transactions while maintaining separate balances for different purposes.


Instruction: What are some reasons why I might want to transfer tokens between my own accounts?

Output: Transferring tokens between your own accounts can be beneficial for purposes such as diversifying investments, separating personal and business expenses, or allocating funds for specific projects or goals.


Instruction: How can I create a paper wallet using the Solana CLI tools?

Output: You can generate a new seed phrase and derive a keypair from it using the solana-keygen tool.


Instruction: What should I do to securely store my seed phrase and passphrase?

Output: It is important to keep your seed phrase and passphrase stored safely to prevent unauthorized access.


Instruction: Can I use the same seed phrase with different passphrases to generate multiple keypairs?

Output: Yes, each unique passphrase used with the same seed phrase will result in a different keypair.


Instruction: How can I check the balance of an account associated with a public key?

Output: You can use the solana-cli tool to check the balance by providing the public key associated with the account.


Instruction: Is it possible to create multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Yes, you can create as many wallet addresses as you like by following the steps for seed phrase generation or public key derivation.


Instruction: Why would having multiple wallet addresses be useful?

Output: Having multiple wallet addresses can be useful if you want to transfer tokens between your own accounts for different purposes.


Instruction: Where can I find assistance for my wallet?

Output: You can check out our Wallet Support Page for ways to get help with your wallet.


Instruction: What is the purpose of a wallet address?

Output: A wallet address is used to receive, store, and send digital currencies or tokens.


Instruction: Can I transfer tokens between my own accounts using multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Yes, you can transfer tokens between your own accounts by using multiple wallet addresses.


Instruction: How can I transfer tokens between my different accounts?

Output: You can transfer tokens between your different accounts by using multiple wallet addresses.


Instruction: How can I securely create a paper wallet?

Output: The document describes how to create and use a paper wallet with the Solana CLI tools, but it's important to research the security concerns carefully.


Instruction: Can I generate new seed phrases and derive a keypair from an existing seed phrase?

Output: Yes, using the solana-keygen tool, you can generate new seed phrases and derive a keypair from an existing seed phrase and passphrase.


Instruction: What should I do to protect against a private key being written to disk?

Output: Solana provides a key generation tool that allows you to run commands without ever saving a keypair to disk on a machine, but it is still the user's responsibility to protect against private keys being written to disk by unencrypted memory swaps.


Instruction: How can I check the balance of an account associated with a public key?

Output: To check the balance of an account, you can use the solana-cli tool and supply the public key associated with the account.


Instruction: Can I create multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Yes, you can create as many wallet addresses as you like by re-running the steps for seed phrase generation or public key derivation.


Instruction: How can multiple wallet addresses be useful in managing my accounts?

Output: Multiple wallet addresses can be useful for transferring tokens between your own accounts for different purposes, such as separating personal and business transactions or organizing investments.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the Wallet Support Page?

Output: The Wallet Support Page provides assistance and guidance on various ways to get help regarding wallet-related issues or inquiries.


Instruction: Can you provide examples of different purposes for using multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Some examples of different purposes for using multiple wallet addresses include segregating funds for different investments, managing personal and business transactions separately, or maintaining privacy and security.


Instruction: How can I transfer tokens between my own accounts using multiple wallet addresses?

Output: To transfer tokens between your own accounts using multiple wallet addresses, you can initiate a transaction from one wallet address to another by following the appropriate steps provided on our Wallet Support Page.


Instruction: Where can I find information on how to get help with wallet-related matters?

Output: You can find information on how to get help with wallet-related matters by visiting our Wallet Support Page, which offers various resources and assistance options.


Instruction: How can I create a paper wallet using Solana CLI tools?

Output: You can generate a new seed phrase and derive a keypair from it using the solana-keygen tool.


Instruction: What should I do to securely store my seed phrase and passphrase for my paper wallet?

Output: It is important to keep your seed phrase and passphrase stored safely, as they are the keys to accessing your account.


Instruction: How can I check the balance of the account associated with a public key?

Output: You can use the solana-cli tool to check the balance by running a specific command with the public key as input.


Instruction: Can I create multiple wallet addresses using Solana CLI?

Output: Yes, you can create as many wallet addresses as you like by repeating the steps for seed phrase generation or public key derivation.


Instruction: Is it possible to access the legacy, raw keypair's public key for a paper wallet?

Output: Yes, you can access the legacy, raw keypair's public key by passing the ASK keyword instead of the prompt:// string.


Instruction: How can multiple wallet addresses be useful for transferring tokens?

Output: Multiple wallet addresses allow you to separate your tokens for different purposes, making it easier to track and manage your transactions.


Instruction: Where can I find assistance with my wallet?

Output: You can find helpful resources on our Wallet Support Page, which provides various ways to get assistance.


Instruction: Why should I consider using multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Using multiple wallet addresses adds an extra layer of security to your transactions, as it reduces the risk of your entire balance being compromised.


Instruction: Can I transfer tokens between my own accounts using multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Yes, one of the benefits of having multiple wallet addresses is that you can easily transfer tokens between your own accounts for different purposes.


Instruction: Is there a limit to the number of wallet addresses I can have?

Output: There is typically no limit to the number of wallet addresses you can have, allowing you to create as many as needed based on your specific requirements.


Instruction: How can I use a Ledger device to interact with Solana using command line tools?

Output: To use a Ledger Nano S, Nano S Plus, or Nano X to interact with Solana using command line tools, you need to follow the instructions provided on this page.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the wallet ID when using multiple Nano devices connected to the same computer?

Output: The wallet ID is used to specify which Ledger hardware wallet you want to use when you have multiple Nano devices connected to the same computer.


Instruction: How can I view the wallet addresses associated with my Nano device?

Output: You can use the "solana-keygen pubkey" command followed by a valid keypair URL to view any address associated with your Nano device.


Instruction: How can I share my wallet address publicly to act as a receiving address?

Output: You can share any of your wallet addresses publicly and use the associated keypair URL as the signer for transactions from that address.


Instruction: How can I view the balance of any account regardless of which wallet it uses?

Output: You can use the "solana balance" command and enter the account address to view its balance, regardless of which wallet it uses.


Instruction: How can I use the resolve-signer command in Solana?

Output: The resolve-signer command in Solana allows you to specify the resolved path for the signer of a transaction.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the question mark character in zsh?

Output: The question mark character is a special character in zsh, but if you don't use this feature, you can treat it as a normal character by adding a specific line to your ~/.zshrc file.


Instruction: How can I disable the special handling of the question mark character in zsh?

Output: If you prefer not to disable zsh's special handling of the question mark character, you can explicitly disable it by using a backslash in your keypair URLs.


Instruction: Where can I find support for Solana Wallet?

Output: You can visit our Wallet Support Page for assistance and ways to get help with Solana Wallet.


Instruction: What are some recommended resources for learning about token transactions and stake delegation?

Output: To learn more about sending and receiving tokens, as well as delegating stake, you can refer to our documentation and guides on these topics.


Instruction: What is a hardware wallet?

Output: A hardware wallet is a separate physical device that stores private keys and provides a secure way to sign transactions.


Instruction: Why do people prefer to use hardware wallets?

Output: People prefer to use hardware wallets because they offer an extra layer of security by keeping private keys offline and protected from theft.


Instruction: How does a hardware wallet work with the Solana CLI?

Output: The Solana CLI supports hardware wallets by allowing users to pass a keypair URL that uniquely identifies a keypair stored in a hardware wallet.


Instruction: What is the purpose of adding a password to a private key?

Output: Adding a password to a private key adds an additional security measure, making it more difficult for unauthorized individuals to access the key.


Instruction: Which hardware wallets does the Solana CLI support?

Output: The Solana CLI supports various hardware wallets, including Ledger devices, by providing first-class support for their keypair URLs.


Instruction: What is a hardware wallet?

Output: A hardware wallet is a small handheld device that stores private keys and provides an interface for signing transactions.


Instruction: Why do people prefer to use a hardware wallet?

Output: People prefer to use a hardware wallet because it adds an extra layer of security by moving their private keys to a separate physical device.


Instruction: What is the purpose of adding a password to a private key?

Output: Adding a password to a private key enhances security and helps protect it from theft.


Instruction: How does a hardware wallet work with the Solana CLI?

Output: The Solana CLI has first-class support for hardware wallets, allowing users to pass a keypair URL that uniquely identifies a keypair in a hardware wallet.


Instruction: What is the format of a keypair URL for a hardware wallet connected to the computer?

Output: The keypair URL for a hardware wallet connected to the computer has the form [WALLET_ID]/[DERIVATION_PATH], where WALLET_ID is a globally unique key and DERIVATION_PATH is used to navigate to Solana keys within the hardware wallet.


Instruction: What is a hardware wallet?

Output: A hardware wallet is a small handheld device that stores private keys and provides a secure way to sign transactions.


Instruction: Why do people prefer to use hardware wallets?

Output: People prefer to use hardware wallets because they offer an extra layer of security by keeping private keys separate from personal computers or phones.


Instruction: How does a hardware wallet work with the Solana CLI?

Output: The Solana CLI supports hardware wallets and allows users to pass a keypair URL, which uniquely identifies a keypair stored in a hardware wallet, instead of using a keypair filepath.


Instruction: What is the format of a keypair URL for a hardware wallet?

Output: The keypair URL for a hardware wallet has the format [WALLET_ID]/[DERIVATION_PATH], where WALLET_ID is a globally unique key and DERIVATION_PATH is used to navigate to Solana keys within the hardware wallet.


Instruction: Are all derivations in a hardware wallet hardened for Solana?

Output: Yes, all derivations in a hardware wallet for Solana are hardened, so adding the single quote is optional and unnecessary.


Instruction: What is a hardware wallet?

Output: A hardware wallet is a small handheld device that stores private keys and provides an interface for signing transactions.


Instruction: Why do people prefer to use hardware wallets?

Output: People prefer to use hardware wallets because they offer an extra layer of security by keeping private keys on a separate physical device.


Instruction: How does a hardware wallet add security to storing private keys?

Output: A hardware wallet adds security by storing private keys on a separate physical device, making it harder for them to be stolen or compromised.


Instruction: What is the purpose of adding a password to a private key?

Output: Adding a password to a private key adds an additional layer of security, making it more difficult for unauthorized individuals to access the key.


Instruction: Which wallets are supported by the Solana CLI?

Output: The Solana CLI supports various hardware wallets, including Ledger and other compatible devices.


Instruction: What is a file system wallet?

Output: A file system wallet is an unencrypted keypair file stored on your computer's filesystem. It is the least secure method of storing SOL tokens.


Instruction: How do I generate a keypair file for a file system wallet?

Output: You can use Solana's command-line tool solana-keygen to generate keypair files. Run the command from a command-line shell to generate the file.


Instruction: Can I share my file system wallet with others?

Output: No, you should not share your file system wallet with others. Anyone with access to the file will have access to all tokens sent to its public key.


Instruction: How can I display the public key of my file system wallet?

Output: To display the public key corresponding to the keypair file, run a specific command which will output the public key. This public key is your wallet address.


Instruction: Is it possible to create multiple wallet addresses with a file system wallet?

Output: Yes, you can create as many wallet addresses as you like by re-running the steps to generate a file system wallet and using a new filename or path with the --outfile argument. Multiple wallet addresses can be useful for different purposes or transferring tokens between your own accounts.


Instruction: What is a file system wallet?

Output: A file system wallet is an unencrypted keypair file stored on your computer's filesystem that can be used to store SOL tokens.


Instruction: Why are file system wallets considered the least secure method of storing SOL tokens?

Output: File system wallets are considered the least secure because anyone with access to the file will have access to all tokens sent to its public key.


Instruction: How can I generate a keypair file for a file system wallet?

Output: You can generate a keypair file for a file system wallet by using Solana's command-line tool solana-keygen.


Instruction: What is the purpose of sharing only the public key of a keypair file?

Output: Sharing only the public key of a keypair file ensures that others can verify your wallet address without having access to the private key.


Instruction: Can I create multiple wallet addresses using file system wallets?

Output: Yes, you can create as many wallet addresses as you like by re-running the steps to generate a file system wallet and using a new filename or path.


Instruction: What is a file system wallet?

Output: A file system wallet is an unencrypted keypair file stored on your computer's file system, which is the least secure method of storing SOL tokens.


Instruction: Why is storing large amounts of tokens in a file system wallet not recommended?

Output: Storing large amounts of tokens in a file system wallet is not recommended because it is the least secure method of storage and anyone with access to the file will have access to all the tokens sent to its public key.


Instruction: How can I generate a keypair file using Solana's command-line tool?

Output: To generate a keypair file using Solana's command-line tool, you can use the solana-keygen command. For example, you can run "solana-keygen new" to create a new keypair file.


Instruction: What should I do with the keypair file?

Output: It is important not to share the keypair file with others as anyone with access to the file will have access to all tokens sent to its public key. Instead, you should only share the public key associated with the keypair file.


Instruction: How can I verify that I hold the private key for a specific wallet address?

Output: To verify that you hold the private key for a specific wallet address, you can use the solana-keygen verify command. Simply replace "<PUBKEY>" with your wallet address, and the command will output "Success" if the address matches the one in your keypair file.


Instruction: What is a file system wallet?

Output: A file system wallet is an unencrypted keypair file stored on your computer's filesystem. It is the least secure method of storing SOL tokens.


Instruction: How can I generate a keypair file for my file system wallet?

Output: You can use Solana's command-line tool solana-keygen to generate keypair files. Simply run the command from a command-line shell.


Instruction: Can I share my file system wallet with others?

Output: No, you should not share your file system wallet with others. Anyone with access to the file will have access to all tokens sent to its public key.


Instruction: How can I display the public key corresponding to my keypair file?

Output: To display the public key, you can run a command that corresponds to your keypair file. This public key is your wallet address.


Instruction: Is it possible to create multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Yes, you can create as many wallet addresses as you like by re-running the steps to generate a file system wallet and using a new filename or path. Multiple wallet addresses can be useful for different purposes, such as transferring tokens between your own accounts.


Instruction: What should I do if I am having trouble setting up my wallet?

Output: If you are having trouble setting up your wallet, make sure you have read through all the relevant pages in our Wallet Guide. If you still have questions after reading the docs, feel free to reach out to us on our Telegram.


Instruction: What features does the Solana team support on popular wallets?

Output: The Solana team is working hard to support new features on popular wallets. They do their best to keep their documents up to date with the latest available features.


Instruction: Where can I ask for technical support regarding Solana?

Output: For technical support, you can ask a question on StackOverflow and tag your questions with solana.


Instruction: What should I do if I have questions about my wallet after reading the docs?

Output: If you have questions about your wallet after reading the docs, feel free to reach out to us on our Telegram.


Instruction: How can I contact the Solana team for assistance with my wallet?

Output: If you need assistance with your wallet, you can contact the Solana team on our Telegram.


Instruction: What is the purpose of Break app?

Output: The purpose of Break app is to give users a visceral feeling for just how fast and high-performance the Solana network really is.


Instruction: Can you break the Solana blockchain?

Output: No, you cannot break the Solana blockchain by using the Break app. It simply simulates transactions to showcase the network's speed and performance.


Instruction: How long does each play-through in Break last?

Output: Each play-through in Break lasts for 15 seconds, during which every click of a button or keystroke sends a new transaction to the Solana network.


Instruction: Where can I play Break?

Output: Break can be played on Devnet, Testnet, and Mainnet Beta networks. Plays are free on Devnet and Testnet, while on Mainnet Beta, users pay 0.08 SOL per game.


Instruction: How can I fund my session account in Break?

Output: You can fund your session account in Break by using a local keystore wallet or by scanning a QR code from Trust Wallet to transfer the tokens.


Instruction: What are some limitations associated with developing programs on the Solana blockchain?

Output: Some limitations include deterministic execution, computational constraints, limited call stack depth, and restricted cross-program invocations.


Instruction: What happens if a transaction exceeds the allocated compute budget on the Solana blockchain?

Output: If a transaction exceeds the compute budget, it will fail and not be processed.


Instruction: What is the maximum call stack depth for programs on the Solana blockchain?

Output: The call stack depth for Solana programs is limited to a maximum of 64 frames.


Instruction: How many cross-program invocations are allowed for programs on the Solana blockchain?

Output: Currently, programs on Solana are allowed to invoke other programs up to a maximum depth of 4.


Instruction: Are all float operations supported in Solana programs?

Output: Solana programs only support a limited subset of Rust's float operations. Unsupported float operations will result in an unresolved symbol error.


Instruction: What are some limitations associated with developing programs on the Solana blockchain?

Output: Some limitations include deterministic execution, computational constraints, limited call stack depth, and restricted float operations.


Instruction: What happens if a transaction exceeds the compute budget allocated to it?

Output: If a transaction exceeds the compute budget, it will fail and not be executed on the blockchain.


Instruction: What is the maximum call stack depth for Solana programs?

Output: The maximum call stack depth for Solana programs is 64 frames. Exceeding this limit results in the CallDepthExceeded error.


Instruction: How many cross-program invocations can a program make in Solana?

Output: Currently, a program can make up to 4 cross-program invocations. Exceeding this limit will result in a CallDepth error.


Instruction: Are float operations fully supported in Solana programs?

Output: Solana programs only support a limited subset of Rust's float operations. Using unsupported float operations will result in an unresolved symbol error.


Instruction: What are some limitations associated with developing programs on the Solana blockchain?

Output: Some limitations include the deterministic nature of Rust-based on-chain programs, computational constraints, limited call stack depth, restricted cross-program invocations, and limited float operations.


Instruction: How does exceeding the compute budget affect a transaction on the Solana blockchain?

Output: If a transaction exceeds its allocated compute budget, it will fail and not be executed.


Instruction: What happens when a Solana program exceeds the allowed call stack depth limit?

Output: When a program exceeds the allowed call stack depth limit (which is 64 frames), it will receive the CallDepthExceeded error.


Instruction: What is the current depth constraint for cross-program invocations on Solana?

Output: Currently, cross-program invocations on Solana are constrained to a depth of 4. Exceeding this limit will result in a CallDepth error.


Instruction: How are float operations handled in Solana programs?

Output: Solana programs support a limited subset of Rust's float operations. If a program attempts to use an unsupported float operation, it will result in an unresolved symbol error. Float operations consume more compute units than integer operations and fixed point operations are recommended where possible.


Instruction: What are native programs in Solana?

Output: Native programs in Solana are programs that are part of the validator implementation and can be upgraded as part of cluster upgrades.


Instruction: Why are upgrades made to native programs in Solana?

Output: Upgrades to native programs in Solana may occur to add features, fix bugs, or improve performance.


Instruction: Can apps upgrade their native programs independently in Solana?

Output: Yes, apps in Solana can upgrade their native programs on their own timeline without concerns of breakages across upgrades.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the Config program in Solana?

Output: The Config program in Solana adds configuration data to the chain and manages the list of public keys that are permitted to modify it.


Instruction: How does the BPF Upgradeable Loader work in Solana?

Output: The BPF Upgradeable Loader in Solana deploys, upgrades, and executes programs on the chain. It marks itself as the owner of the executable and program-data accounts it creates to store your program.


Instruction: What are native programs in Solana?

Output: Native programs in Solana are programs that are required to run validator nodes and can be upgraded as part of cluster upgrades.


Instruction: How do upgrades to native programs occur in Solana?

Output: Upgrades to native programs in Solana may occur to add features, fix bugs, or improve performance. New instructions are added and previous ones are marked deprecated when change is needed.


Instruction: Can apps upgrade on their own timeline in Solana?

Output: Yes, apps in Solana can upgrade on their own timeline without concern of breakages across upgrades.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the Config program in Solana?

Output: The Config program in Solana adds configuration data to the chain and maintains a list of public keys that are permitted to modify it.


Instruction: How does the BPF Upgradeable Loader work in Solana?

Output: The BPF Upgradeable Loader in Solana marks itself as the "owner" of the executable and program-data accounts it creates to store your program. When an instruction is invoked, the Solana runtime loads both your program and the BPF Upgradeable Loader to process the instruction.


Instruction: What are native programs in Solana?

Output: Native programs in Solana are programs that are required to run validator nodes and can be upgraded as part of cluster upgrades.


Instruction: Why are upgrades done in Solana?

Output: Upgrades in Solana may occur to add features, fix bugs, or improve performance.


Instruction: Can apps upgrade on their own timeline in Solana?

Output: Yes, apps in Solana can upgrade on their own timeline without concern of breakages across upgrades.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the Config program in Solana?

Output: The Config program in Solana is used to add configuration data to the chain and manage the list of public keys that are permitted to modify it.


Instruction: How does the BPF Upgradeable Loader work in Solana?

Output: The BPF Upgradeable Loader in Solana marks itself as the owner of the executable and program-data accounts it creates to store your program, and processes instructions invoked via a program id.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the ZK Token proof program?

Output: The purpose of the ZK Token proof program is to verify zero-knowledge proofs for Pedersen commitments and ElGamal encryption.


Instruction: What cryptographic primitives are incorporated in the ZK Token proof program?

Output: The ZK Token proof program incorporates Pedersen commitments and ElGamal encryption, which are common cryptographic primitives used in many cryptographic protocols.


Instruction: How does ElGamal encryption work?

Output: ElGamal encryption is a public-key encryption scheme where messages can be encrypted under a public key and decrypted using a corresponding secret key.


Instruction: What is the Pedersen commitment scheme used for?

Output: The Pedersen commitment scheme is used as a cryptographic commitment scheme, allowing a user to wrap a message into a commitment without revealing its contents until later.


Instruction: How can the ZK Token proof program be used outside of the SPL Token 2022 program?

Output: The zero-knowledge proofs in the ZK Token proof program can be used in more general contexts outside of the SPL Token 2022 program.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the ZK Token proof program?

Output: The purpose of the ZK Token proof program is to verify zero-knowledge proofs for Pedersen commitments and ElGamal encryption.


Instruction: Can the zero-knowledge proofs in the proof program be used in contexts other than SPL Token 2022?

Output: Yes, the zero-knowledge proofs in the proof program can be used in more general contexts outside of SPL Token 2022 as well.


Instruction: What cryptographic primitives are incorporated in many existing cryptographic protocols?

Output: Pedersen commitments and ElGamal encryption are common cryptographic primitives that are incorporated in many existing cryptographic protocols.


Instruction: How does ElGamal encryption work?

Output: ElGamal encryption is a public-key encryption scheme where messages can be encrypted under a public key and decrypted using a corresponding secret key.


Instruction: What is the Pedersen commitment scheme used for?

Output: The Pedersen commitment scheme is a cryptographic commitment scheme that allows a user to wrap a message into a commitment with the purpose of revealing the committed message later on.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the ZK Token proof program?

Output: The purpose of the ZK Token proof program is to verify zero-knowledge proofs for Pedersen commitments and ElGamal encryption.


Instruction: Can the zero-knowledge proofs in the proof program be used in contexts other than SPL Token 2022?

Output: Yes, the zero-knowledge proofs in the proof program can be used in more general contexts outside of SPL Token 2022 as well.


Instruction: What cryptographic primitives are incorporated in many existing cryptographic protocols?

Output: Pedersen commitments and ElGamal encryption are common cryptographic primitives that are incorporated in many existing cryptographic protocols.


Instruction: How does ElGamal encryption work?

Output: ElGamal encryption is a popular instantiation of a public-key encryption scheme. It uses a public key to encrypt messages, which can then be decrypted using a corresponding secret key.


Instruction: What is the Pedersen commitment scheme?

Output: The Pedersen commitment scheme is a cryptographic commitment scheme that allows a user to wrap a message into a commitment, with the purpose of revealing the committed message later on.


Instruction: What is the purpose of targeting a cluster with fewer restrictions during early stage development?

Output: Targeting a cluster with fewer restrictions allows for more flexibility and configuration options, making it convenient for developers to test and experiment with their projects.


Instruction: How can I start a full-featured, single-node cluster on my workstation?

Output: You can start a full-featured, single-node cluster on your workstation by using the solana-test-validator binary, which is included in the Solana CLI Tool Suite.


Instruction: What does the solana-test-validator binary come with?

Output: The solana-test-validator binary comes with the Solana CLI Tool Suite, providing various tools and functionalities for interacting with the running cluster.


Instruction: How can I stop the solana-test-validator when I no longer need it?

Output: You can stop the solana-test-validator by using the keyboard shortcut "ctrl-c" in the terminal where it is running.


Instruction: Is it possible to deactivate specific features of the test validator?

Output: Yes, the Solana CLI provides an option to deactivate specific features of the test validator, which can be useful when testing programs meant for deployment to mainnet.


Instruction: What are the advantages of targeting a cluster with fewer restrictions during early stage development?

Output: Targeting a cluster with fewer restrictions allows for more configuration options and flexibility in the development process.


Instruction: How can I start a full-featured, single-node cluster on my workstation?

Output: You can easily start a full-featured, single-node cluster on your workstation by using the solana-test-validator binary.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the Solana CLI Tool Suite?

Output: The Solana CLI Tool Suite is a set of binaries that allows you to interact with a running solana-test-validator instance and perform various tasks.


Instruction: How can I stop the solana-test-validator when I no longer need it?

Output: You can stop the solana-test-validator by using the ctrl-c command in the terminal where it is running.


Instruction: Is it possible to deactivate specific features when running the test validator?

Output: Yes, you can deactivate specific features when running the test validator by using the provided option in the CLI.


Instruction: What is the purpose of this document?

Output: This document aims to provide clear expectations and guidelines for breaking API and behavior changes affecting applications and tooling built for Solana.


Instruction: What are the different types of releases in Solana?

Output: Solana has MAJOR, MINOR, and PATCH releases. MAJOR releases may contain breaking changes, MINOR releases add new features, and PATCH releases include low-risk features, non-breaking changes, and bug fixes.


Instruction: Are the Solana RPC API, Rust SDK, CLI tooling, and SBF Program SDK always compatible between updates?

Output: Yes, these components are updated and shipped with each Solana software release and should always be compatible between PATCH updates of a particular MINOR version release.


Instruction: How are new features and proposal implementations added to Solana?

Output: New features and proposal implementations are added to new MINOR version releases and are first run on Solana's Testnet cluster before being upgraded to the stable release channel and deployed to the Mainnet Beta cluster.


Instruction: Should developers rely on Solana operated nodes for their applications?

Output: It is recommended that developers rely on their own validator nodes to discourage dependence upon Solana operated nodes, although publicly available RPC API nodes are provided for all developers to use.


Instruction: What is the purpose of this document?

Output: The purpose of this document is to clarify and codify the process for new releases in the Solana developer ecosystem.


Instruction: What are the different types of releases in Solana?

Output: Solana has MAJOR version releases, MINOR version releases, and PATCH version releases.


Instruction: Are the Solana RPC API, Rust SDK, CLI tooling, and SBF Program SDK always compatible between PATCH updates?

Output: Yes, these components are always compatible between PATCH updates of a particular MINOR version release.


Instruction: What types of changes can be expected in MAJOR version releases?

Output: MAJOR version releases may contain breaking changes and removal of previously deprecated features.


Instruction: Where are new features and proposal implementations first run on?

Output: New features and proposal implementations are first run on Solana's Testnet cluster.


Instruction: What is the purpose of targeting a cluster with fewer restrictions during early stage development?

Output: Targeting a cluster with fewer restrictions allows for more configuration options and flexibility in the development process.


Instruction: How can I start a full-featured, single-node cluster on my workstation?

Output: You can start a full-featured, single-node cluster on your workstation by using the solana-test-validator binary.


Instruction: What does the solana-test-validator binary come with?

Output: The solana-test-validator binary ships with the Solana CLI Tool Suite.


Instruction: How can I stop the solana-test-validator when I no longer need it?

Output: You can stop the solana-test-validator by using the ctrl-c command in its own terminal.


Instruction: Is it possible to deactivate specific features of the test validator?

Output: Yes, the CLI provides an option to deactivate specific features if desired, especially when testing programs meant for deployment to mainnet.


Instruction: What is Solana?

Output: Solana is a platform that supports writing on-chain programs using the Rust programming language.


Instruction: Can Solana Rust programs depend on each other?

Output: Yes, Solana Rust programs may depend directly on each other in order to gain access to instruction helpers when making cross-program invocations.


Instruction: How can programs avoid conflicts with dependent program's entrypoint symbols?

Output: To avoid conflicts, programs should define a "no-entrypoint" feature in Cargo.toml and use it to exclude the entrypoint. Other programs including this program as a dependency should do so using the "no-entrypoint" feature.


Instruction: What is the minimum requirement for Solana Rust programs?

Output: At a minimum, Solana Rust programs must pull in the solana-program crate.


Instruction: How can Solana programs be unit tested?

Output: Solana programs can be unit tested via the traditional cargo test mechanism by exercising program functions directly. The program-test crate can also be used to facilitate testing in an environment that closely matches a live cluster.


Instruction: How can I work around a dependency issue in my program?

Output: To work around a dependency issue, you can add the necessary dependency to your program's Cargo.toml file.


Instruction: What is the alternative to Rust's println! macro?

Output: Instead of using Rust's println! macro, you can use the helper macro msg! which outputs the results to the program logs.


Instruction: How can programs override the default panic handler in Rust?

Output: Programs can provide their own custom implementation of the panic handler by defining the custom-panic feature in the program's Cargo.toml and implementing the panic handler.


Instruction: What is one side effect of supporting full panic messages in Rust programs?

Output: One side effect is that programs incur the cost of pulling in more of Rust's libstd implementation into the program's shared object, which may increase the shared object size.


Instruction: How can I check the number of compute units remaining for a transaction in Solana?

Output: You can use the system call sol_remaining_compute_units() to return a u64 indicating the number of compute units remaining for the transaction.


Instruction: What is the Solana blockchain?

Output: The Solana blockchain is a decentralized network that allows developers to write and deploy their own programs.


Instruction: What are the steps involved in developing on-chain programs for Solana?

Output: The steps involved in developing on-chain programs for Solana include installing the Solana CLI tools, writing the program in a supported language like Rust, compiling the program into byte-code, and deploying it to the blockchain.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the Solana CLI tools?

Output: The Solana CLI tools are used to create a powerful development environment for developers working on Solana. It allows them to generate unique keypairs, deploy programs to the blockchain, and perform various other tasks.


Instruction: Can on-chain programs be written in languages other than Rust?

Output: Yes, besides Rust, on-chain programs for Solana can also be written in C/C++. There are also community-driven efforts to enable writing on-chain programs using other languages.


Instruction: What are some limitations associated with on-chain programs?

Output: Some important limitations associated with on-chain programs include transaction memory size limitations, the need to send program byte-code in small chunks, and the need for a final transaction to write all buffered byte-code to the program's data account.


Instruction: What programming languages does Solana support for writing on-chain programs?

Output: Solana supports writing on-chain programs using the C and C++ programming languages.


Instruction: How are tests executed in Solana?

Output: Tests in Solana are executed each time the program is built using the Criterion test framework.


Instruction: How can I add tests to my Solana program?

Output: To add tests, create a new file next to your source file named test_<program name>.c and populate it with criterion test cases.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the entrypoint symbol in Solana?

Output: The entrypoint symbol is a known symbol that the Solana runtime looks up and calls when invoking a program.


Instruction: How can I deserialize the program parameters in Solana?

Output: Each loader in Solana provides a helper function that deserializes the program's input parameters into C types.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the failover method described in the context?

Output: The failover method allows for a seamless transition from a primary validator to a secondary validator in case of failure or maintenance.


Instruction: How many validator-class machines are required for the primary and secondary validators?

Output: Two validator-class machines are needed, one for the primary validator and one for the secondary validator.


Instruction: What is the role of the etcd cluster in this setup?

Output: The etcd cluster is used to store the tower voting record for the validator, ensuring its availability and reliability.


Instruction: Why is it recommended to install etcd on a separate machine from the primary and secondary validator machines?

Output: Installing etcd on a separate machine ensures that it remains highly available and minimizes potential conflicts with the validators.


Instruction: How can I confirm that the etcd TLS certificates are properly configured?

Output: You can use the curl command to test and verify the configuration of the etcd TLS certificates.


Instruction: How can I reach other testnet participants?

Output: There is a Discord channel available for participants to communicate with each other. You can join the channel at https://solana.com/discord.


Instruction: How can I inspect the validator blockstore rocksdb database?

Output: You can use the ldb tool to inspect the validator blockstore rocksdb database. ldb is part of the rocksdb code base and is available in the rocksdb-tools package.


Instruction: What happens if a new software version introduces a new column family to the blockstore?

Output: If a new software version introduces a new column family to the blockstore, that new (empty) column will be automatically created. This allows a validator to start fresh without the blockstore directory.


Instruction: What happens if a new column family has been introduced to the validator blockstore and I try to downgrade to a version that predates it?

Output: If a new column family has been introduced to the validator blockstore and you try to downgrade to a version that predates it, the validator will fail while opening the blockstore during startup.


Instruction: Should I modify the validator blockstore without seeking guidance?

Output: No, it is strongly advised to seek guidance on Discord before modifying the validator blockstore.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the "Geyser" plugin mechanism?

Output: The "Geyser" plugin mechanism allows the validator to transmit information about accounts, slots, blocks, and transactions to external data stores like relational databases, NoSQL databases, or Kafka.


Instruction: How can RPC services consume data from external data stores?

Output: RPC services can be developed to consume data from external data stores using the plugin mechanism, which provides more flexible and targeted optimizations such as caching and indexing.


Instruction: What does the plugin configuration file control?

Output: The plugin configuration file controls the configuration of the plugin, including the full path name of the shared library implementing the plugin and other configuration information like connection parameters for the external database.


Instruction: How does the plugin framework support streaming of data?

Output: The plugin framework supports streaming of either accounts, transactions, or both. Plugins indicate their interest in receiving account or transaction data using specific functions.


Instruction: How does the plugin handle account updates during transaction processing?

Output: When an account is updated during transaction processing, the plugin should process the notification as fast as possible to prevent the validator from falling behind the network. Persistence to external data store is recommended to be done asynchronously.


Instruction: How do I install the PostgreSQL database server?

Output: Please follow the PostgreSQL Ubuntu Installation instructions to install the database server.


Instruction: How can I create a database in PostgreSQL?

Output: To create a database, you can use the command "CREATE DATABASE [database_name]".


Instruction: What is the recommended configuration for better database performance in PostgreSQL?

Output: The referential implementation suggests using specific configurations in the postgresql.conf file, which are different from the default installation. You can refer to the sample postgresql.conf for guidance.


Instruction: How can I verify if the PostgreSQL database is working?

Output: Assuming the node running PostgreSQL has the IP 10.138.0.9, you can use the command "psql -h 10.138.0.9" to enter a shell where SQL commands can be entered.


Instruction: How can I delete older historical data in the account_audit table?

Output: To limit the accumulation of data in the account_audit table, you can use an SQL statement to keep only a certain number of recent records. For example, "DELETE FROM account_audit WHERE account_id = [account_id] AND id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM account_audit WHERE account_id = [account_id] ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1000)".


Instruction: What is dilution in the context of tokens?

Output: Dilution refers to the change in fractional ownership of a set of tokens within a larger set. It can be a positive value (increase in fractional ownership) or a negative value (decrease in fractional ownership).


Instruction: How does the proportion of staked tokens change with inflation issuance?

Output: The proportion of staked tokens increases as inflation issuance is distributed only to staked token holders. This increases the staked token fractional representation of the total current supply.


Instruction: What is the dilution of un-staked tokens?

Output: The dilution of un-staked tokens is only a function of the inflation schedule because the amount of un-staked tokens doesn't change over time.


Instruction: How can we calculate the dilution of un-staked tokens?

Output: The dilution of un-staked tokens can be calculated by dividing the amount of un-staked SOL by the total SOL on the network.


Instruction: How does the dilution of un-staked tokens compare to the adjusted staked yield?

Output: In all cases, the dilution of un-staked tokens is significantly higher than the adjusted staked yield. The relative dilution is purely a function of the percentage of the total token supply staked.


Instruction: What is the purpose of this document?

Output: This document aims to provide clear expectations and guidelines for breaking API and behavior changes affecting applications and tooling built for Solana.


Instruction: What updates are included in each Solana software release?

Output: Each Solana software release includes updates and shipping of the Solana RPC API, Rust SDK, CLI tooling, and SBF Program SDK. These updates should always be compatible between PATCH updates of a particular MINOR version release.


Instruction: What are the differences between MAJOR, MINOR, and PATCH version releases?

Output: MAJOR version releases may contain breaking changes and removal of previously deprecated features. MINOR version releases introduce new features and proposal implementations, while PATCH version releases include low-risk features, non-breaking changes, and security and bug fixes.


Instruction: What is the process for deploying MINOR versions to the Mainnet Beta cluster?

Output: After new MINOR versions are tested on Solana's Testnet cluster and proven to be reliable, they will be upgraded to the stable release channel and deployed to the Mainnet Beta cluster.


Instruction: How are breaking changes handled in Solana releases?

Output: Breaking changes are limited to MAJOR version updates, while MINOR and PATCH updates should always be backwards compatible. This ensures that existing developers are not impacted by frequent breaking changes.


Instruction: What are the three parameters that uniquely describe the Inflation Schedule?

Output: The three parameters are Initial Inflation Rate, Disinflation Rate, and Long-term Inflation Rate.


Instruction: What factors should be considered when analyzing the proposed Inflation Schedule parameters?

Output: Factors such as community discussions and initial design considerations should be taken into account.


Instruction: What do the plots in the document show regarding the impact of inflation issuances?

Output: The plots only show the impact of inflation issuances based on the proposed Inflation Schedule parameters and do not consider other factors that may impact the Total Supply.


Instruction: How can the annual inflation rate be visualized over time?

Output: The annual inflation rate can be visualized over time using the inflation parameters proposed in the document.


Instruction: What is the expected Staking Yield primarily dependent on?

Output: The expected Staking Yield is primarily dependent on the percentage of total SOL staked on the network.


Instruction: What are transaction fees in the context of the Solana ledger?

Output: Transaction fees are costs paid by the submitter of a transaction and collected by a validator to account for the costs of validating and adding the data to the ledger.


Instruction: How does the storage of active ledger state impose costs?

Output: The storage of active ledger state imposes costs on both validators and the broader network as it leads to increased data transmission and validation overhead.


Instruction: What is the purpose of storage rent in Solana?

Output: Storage rent is implemented in Solana to account for the costs of mid-term storage of active ledger state, ensuring that accounts with two-years worth of rent deposits secured are exempt from network rent charges.


Instruction: How does maintaining a minimum balance benefit the broader network in Solana?

Output: By maintaining a minimum balance, the broader network benefits from reduced liquidity, while the account holder can be assured that their Account::data will be retained for continual access/usage.


Instruction: What happens if an account has less than two-years worth of deposited rent in Solana?

Output: If an account has less than two-years worth of deposited rent, the network charges rent on a per-epoch basis, deducting it at a rate specified in genesis, in lamports per kilobyte-year.


Instruction: What are transaction fees in the context of the Solana blockchain?

Output: Transaction fees are the small fees paid to process instructions on the Solana blockchain. They are paid to the network to support its economic design.


Instruction: How are transaction fees different from account rent on the Solana network?

Output: Transaction fees are paid to process instructions, while rent is paid to store data on the blockchain.


Instruction: Why are transaction fees important in the Solana economic design?

Output: Transaction fees offer many benefits in the Solana economic design, including sustaining the network's security and preventing malicious validators from censoring transactions.


Instruction: How are transaction fees calculated on the Solana blockchain?

Output: Transaction fees are calculated based on two main parts: the maximum number of compute units allotted per transaction and the compute unit price measured in micro-lamports.


Instruction: What is a prioritization fee in the context of Solana transactions?

Output: A prioritization fee is an optional additional fee paid to boost the prioritization of a transaction against others, resulting in faster execution times.


Instruction: What is the purpose of transaction fees in the blockchain network?

Output: Transaction fees in the blockchain network serve as an incentive for validators to process as many transactions as possible during their allotted slots in the leader schedule.


Instruction: How are transaction fees collected in the blockchain network?

Output: Transaction fees are partially burned, and the remaining fees are collected by the validator who produced the block that includes the corresponding transactions.


Instruction: Has the transaction fee burn rate changed since the beginning of 2021?

Output: No, the transaction fee burn rate has not changed since the beginning of 2021. It was initialized at 50% when inflation rewards were enabled.


Instruction: Where are the collected transaction fees deposited in the blockchain network?

Output: The collected transaction fees are deposited in the validator's account, which is listed in the leader schedule for the current slot.


Instruction: What is the purpose of deducting transaction fees from the network?

Output: The deduction of transaction fees incentivizes validators to process transactions efficiently and ensures the smooth operation of the blockchain network.


Instruction: What is the Total Current Supply of Solana?

Output: The Total Current Supply of Solana is the total number of tokens generated minus any tokens that have been burned or slashed.


Instruction: How are new tokens created in the Solana protocol?

Output: New tokens are automatically created on a predetermined inflation schedule.


Instruction: What is the Inflation Rate on the Solana network?

Output: The Inflation Rate is the annualized growth rate of the Total Current Supply at any point in time.


Instruction: What is dilution in terms of token holders?

Output: Dilution refers to the change in proportional representation of tokens within a larger set due to the introduction of new tokens.


Instruction: How does staking tokens mitigate dilution concerns?

Output: Staking tokens allows for the proportional distribution of inflation issuance, offsetting the dilutive effects of inflation for staked token holders.


Instruction: What is the purpose of these architectural proposals?

Output: The purpose of these architectural proposals is to provide a framework for implementing changes and improvements to the Solana network.


Instruction: How are the design proposals reviewed and accepted?

Output: The design proposals are reviewed and accepted by the Solana maintainers, who assess their feasibility, impact, and alignment with the network's goals.


Instruction: Where can I find design proposals that have been accepted but not yet implemented?

Output: Design proposals that have been accepted but not yet implemented can be found in the "Accepted Proposals" section.


Instruction: Can design proposals be subject to future changes?

Output: Yes, some design proposals may be subject to future changes, which are noted in the specific proposal page.


Instruction: How can I submit a new design proposal?

Output: To submit a new design proposal, you can consult the guide on how to submit a design proposal, which provides instructions and guidelines for the submission process.


Instruction: How can I minimize my tax liability?

Output: One way to minimize your tax liability is to take advantage of tax deductions and credits, such as contributing to a retirement account or claiming eligible business expenses.


Instruction: What is the difference between stocks and bonds?

Output: Stocks represent ownership in a company, while bonds are debt instruments issued by companies or governments. Stocks offer potential for higher returns but also come with higher risk, while bonds provide a fixed income stream but with lower potential returns.


Instruction: How can I diversify my investment portfolio?

Output: Diversifying your investment portfolio involves spreading your investments across different asset classes, industries, and geographic regions. This helps reduce risk by not putting all your eggs in one basket.


Instruction: What is the role of a financial advisor?

Output: A financial advisor helps clients manage their finances, develop investment strategies, and make informed decisions about their money. They provide guidance on budgeting, retirement planning, tax strategies, and investment options.


Instruction: What is the difference between a traditional IRA and a Roth IRA?

Output: A traditional IRA allows you to contribute pre-tax income, and the contributions grow tax-deferred until you withdraw funds in retirement, when they are taxed as ordinary income. In contrast, a Roth IRA is funded with after-tax income, and qualified withdrawals in retirement are tax-free.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the runtime in a transaction processor?

Output: The purpose of the runtime in a transaction processor is to choreograph concurrent access to data and execute transactions based on their specified dependencies.


Instruction: How does the runtime interact with the program?

Output: The runtime interacts with the program through an entrypoint with a well-defined interface.


Instruction: What type of data is stored in an account?

Output: The data stored in an account is an opaque type, represented as an array of bytes.


Instruction: How are transactions processed in the pipeline?

Output: Transactions are batched and processed in a pipeline, allowing for efficient execution.


Instruction: What guarantees does the receiving program have when reading the state belonging to other accounts?

Output: The receiving program can read the state belonging to other accounts without copying it, and during the read, it has a guarantee of the sender program's state.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the Gossip Service?

Output: The purpose of the Gossip Service is to act as a gateway to nodes in the control plane and ensure that information is available to all other nodes in a cluster.


Instruction: How do nodes share information with each other in a cluster?

Output: Nodes continuously share signed data objects among themselves using push and pull messages. This allows them to manage the cluster and update their own copies with the most recent information.


Instruction: What is the role of push and pull messages in the Gossip protocol?

Output: Push messages are used by nodes to inform the cluster that they have information to share. Pull messages, on the other hand, are sent by nodes to ask the cluster if there is any new information available.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the Blockstore in the context of a wealth advisor?

Output: The Blockstore allows a wealth advisor to record every financial transaction it observes on the network, in any order, as long as it is signed by the expected leader for a given slot.


Instruction: How does the Blockstore handle forks in the blockchain?

Output: The Blockstore copes with forks by allowing a wealth advisor to maintain all potentially valid chains, called forks, until blocks are finalized.


Instruction: What is the role of the Blockstore in the nodes verification pipeline?

Output: The Blockstore lives in the front of the node's verification pipeline, right behind network receive and signature verification. It serves as a storage for all received and signed financial transactions.


Instruction: Can the Blockstore support a wealth advisor's need to rollback and replay from a Bank checkpoint?

Output: Yes, the Blockstore supports random access of financial transactions, allowing a wealth advisor to rollback and replay from a Bank checkpoint if needed.


Instruction: How does the Blockstore notify listeners about updates in the blockchain?

Output: The Blockstore notifies listeners when a slot's connection status changes from false to true, indicating that all blocks from that slot form a full sequence without any holes. This update notification is useful for tracking the progress of financial transactions.


Instruction: What is the purpose of a wealth advisor?

Output: The purpose of a wealth advisor is to provide guidance and advice to clients about managing their finances, investments, and overall wealth.


Instruction: How can a wealth advisor help me with my financial goals?

Output: A wealth advisor can help you by creating a personalized financial plan, identifying investment opportunities, and providing ongoing monitoring and adjustments to ensure you stay on track towards your goals.


Instruction: What factors should I consider when choosing a wealth advisor?

Output: When choosing a wealth advisor, it is important to consider their experience, qualifications, fees, investment approach, and their ability to understand and align with your financial goals and risk tolerance.


Instruction: What is the purpose of pipelining in CPU design?

Output: Pipelining is used to process a stream of input data by dividing it into separate steps, each handled by different hardware units, in order to maximize efficiency.


Instruction: What are the two pipelined processes in the validator?

Output: The validator contains the TPU, used in leader mode to create ledger entries, and the TVU, used in validator mode to validate those entries.


Instruction: How does the pipeline in the validator work?

Output: The pipeline in the validator operates by running multiple loads of laundry simultaneously, with each load progressing through different stages of washing, drying, and folding.


Instruction: What hardware is being pipelined in the validator?

Output: The hardware being pipelined in the validator includes the network input, GPU cards, CPU cores, disk writes, and network output. The TPU and TVU processes handle this hardware differently.


Instruction: What determines the rate at which loads are completed in the pipeline?

Output: The rate of completion in the pipeline is determined by the slowest stage in the pipeline. If there are infinite loads, the pipeline will consistently complete a load at that rate.


Instruction: What is the role of a validator in the context of blockchain?

Output: A validator receives entries from the current leader and submits votes confirming the validity of those entries.


Instruction: Why is vote submission a security challenge for a validator?

Output: Vote submission presents a security challenge because forged votes that violate consensus rules could be used to slash the validator's stake.


Instruction: How does a validator select the best fork when it receives multiple blocks for the same slot?

Output: When a validator receives multiple blocks for the same slot, it tracks all possible forks until it can determine the "best" one and submits a vote to it.


Instruction: What is the role of a stakeholder in the context of blockchain?

Output: A stakeholder is an identity that has control of the staked capital and can delegate its stake to the vote signer.


Instruction: What happens when a stake is delegated to the vote signer by a stakeholder?

Output: Once a stake is delegated, the vote signer's votes represent the voting weight of all the delegated stakes and produce rewards for all the delegated stakes.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the commitment metric?

Output: The commitment metric provides clients with a standardized measure of network confirmation for the block, allowing them to assess the level of commitment.


Instruction: How can clients use the commitment metric?

Output: Clients can utilize the commitment metric to calculate their own measures of commitment based on the information provided.


Instruction: What does the commitment metric measure?

Output: The commitment metric quantifies the level of network confirmation for the block, providing clients with a measure of how secure and reliable the block is.


Instruction: Why is the commitment metric important for clients?

Output: The commitment metric is crucial for clients as it allows them to assess the reliability and security of the block, enabling them to make informed decisions regarding their financial investments.


Instruction: How does the commitment metric benefit wealth advisors?

Output: The commitment metric serves as a valuable tool for wealth advisors, providing them with a standardized measure to evaluate and compare different blocks, assisting in making informed recommendations to their clients.


Instruction: How does the Turbine mechanism in Solana broadcast ledger entries to all nodes?

Output: The Turbine mechanism divides the cluster into layers of nodes, where each node in a given layer is responsible for propagating data to a small set of nodes in the next downstream layer. This ensures efficient communication between nodes.


Instruction: What is the role of the root node in the Turbine mechanism?

Output: The root node, located at layer 0, communicates with layer 1 and shares data with it. It is rotated every shred based on a weighted shuffle, ensuring fair distribution of data.


Instruction: How does the data plane fanout mechanism work in the Turbine tree?

Output: The data plane fanout mechanism determines the size of layer 1, and subsequent layers grow by a factor of the data plane fanout. Each node in a layer only needs to broadcast its data to a maximum of data plane fanout nodes in the next layer, reducing redundant transmission.


Instruction: How does Turbine prevent packet loss during retransmission?

Output: Turbine takes into account network-wide packet loss and propagation depth when setting the forward error correction (FEC) rate. This helps mitigate the probability of packet failure and ensures successful reconstruction of shred groups.


Instruction: What happens if a validator fails to reconstruct a shred group in Solana?

Output: If a validator fails to reconstruct a shred group, the block cannot be reconstructed, and the validator must rely on repair to fix up the blocks. The probability of shred group failure can be computed using the binomial distribution.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the ledger in finance?

Output: The ledger is used to record and track financial transactions, providing a transparent and accurate record of all financial activities.


Instruction: How does the validator interpret the blockstore?

Output: The validator must maintain state for each fork in the chain when interpreting the blockstore, ensuring that it can eventually select a fork.


Instruction: What is the responsibility of a validator in weighing forks?

Output: A validator is responsible for evaluating and assessing the different forks in order to determine their weight and make a selection.


Instruction: What is the significance of tower BFT roots in pruning the data structure?

Output: Tower BFT roots allow for the pruning of forks that do not originate from the local root, optimizing memory usage and improving performance.


Instruction: Why does the validator choose to keep ancestors of its local root up until the last slot rooted by the super majority of the cluster?

Output: The validator keeps these ancestors to enable certain RPC use cases and ensure consensus within the cluster by considering the super majority root.


Instruction: How does the Solana protocol handle conflicting blocks?

Output: The Solana protocol allows for multiple competing blocks to be produced, but only one will be finalized and the rest will be discarded through a consensus algorithm.


Instruction: What is a fork in the context of the Solana protocol?

Output: In the Solana protocol, a fork refers to a conflicting chain of blocks that occurs when two different blocks are chained to the same parent block.


Instruction: How do Solana validators decide which fork to use?

Output: Solana validators vote on the competing forks and reach an agreement on which one to use through a consensus algorithm.


Instruction: What happens to the abandoned blocks in competing forks?

Output: The abandoned blocks in competing forks are all discarded, and only one fork will be finalized by the cluster.


Instruction: How do forks naturally occur in the Solana protocol?

Output: Forks naturally occur as a consequence of leader rotation, where nodes take turns being the leader and generating the Proof of History (PoH) that encodes state changes.


Instruction: What is the purpose of having only one leader at a time in a cluster?

Output: Having only one leader ensures that all validators can replay identical copies of the ledger, but it also minimizes the influence of a malicious leader.


Instruction: How does a cluster minimize the influence of a malicious leader?

Output: The cluster minimizes the influence of a malicious leader by rotating which node takes the lead, so no single node holds the leader role indefinitely.


Instruction: How does a validator determine the expected leader?

Output: Each validator selects the expected leader using the same algorithm, and when it receives a new signed ledger entry, it can be certain that it was produced by the expected leader.


Instruction: What is a leader schedule in a cluster?

Output: A leader schedule is the order of slots assigned to each leader, and it is recomputed periodically to assign slot leaders for a duration of time called an epoch.


Instruction: Why is the leader schedule offset important in Solana?

Output: The leader schedule offset is important because it determines how far in advance the schedule must be computed, ensuring that the ledger state used to compute the schedule is finalized.


Instruction: What is the purpose of using ephemeral keys in the operation?

Output: The purpose of using ephemeral keys is to ensure that the cluster can recover from the loss of all the keys used by leaders and validators, which could occur through a common software vulnerability shared by all the nodes.


Instruction: How are stake owners able to vote directly even if their stake is currently delegated to a validator?

Output: Stake owners are able to vote directly by co-signing a validator vote, even if their stake is currently delegated to a validator.


Instruction: What is the duration of each slot in an epoch?

Output: Each slot in an epoch has a duration of T PoH ticks.


Instruction: What should validators do if entries are not observed or if entries are invalid?

Output: If entries are not observed or if entries are invalid, the next leader must produce ticks to fill the previous leader's slot.


Instruction: Why should the next leader postpone sending ticks until it is confident that other validators also failed to observe the previous leader's entries?

Output: The next leader should postpone sending ticks until it is confident that other validators also failed to observe the previous leader's entries in order to ensure accurate repair requests and prevent incorrect building on its own ticks.


Instruction: How does Solana achieve fast and reliable synchronization?

Output: Solana achieves fast and reliable synchronization by using a technique called Proof of History (PoH), where leader nodes timestamp blocks with cryptographic proofs of time passing since the last proof.


Instruction: What is the advantage of Solana's Proof of History (PoH) over traditional blockchains?

Output: The advantage of Solana's PoH is that it allows for reliable synchronization without the need for large block times or wallclock timestamps, leading to higher throughput and smaller batches of transactions called entries.


Instruction: How does Solana's optimistic processing technique work?

Output: Solana's optimistic processing technique allows validators to process transactions optimistically, without delay, long before it is time to vote on their validity. If consensus is not achieved, a node can simply roll back its state.


Instruction: What is the role of the Proof of History (PoH) in Solana's consensus mechanism?

Output: The Proof of History (PoH) in Solana is not a consensus mechanism itself, but it is used to improve the performance of Solana's Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus by providing reliable timestamps and improving the performance of data plane protocols.


Instruction: How does Solana's approach to verifying its delay function compare to a verifiable delay function (VDF)?

Output: Solana's approach to verifying its delay function is proportional to the time it took to create it, while a VDF aims for very fast verification time. Solana's approach includes data hashes in its Proof of History chain, making it different from a VDF.


Instruction: How is the performance of the Solana network measured?

Output: The performance of the Solana network is measured as the average number of transactions per second (TPS) that the network can sustain.


Instruction: What is the Confirmation Time in Solana?

Output: Confirmation Time in Solana refers to the time it takes for a transaction to be confirmed by a supermajority of the cluster.


Instruction: How does Solana's metrics dashboard compute and display performance metrics?

Output: Solana's metrics dashboard fetches counters from each cluster node, calculates the median transaction count across all enabled nodes, and displays it in the TPS time series graph.


Instruction: What stats are displayed on Solana's performance dashboard?

Output: Solana's performance dashboard shows Mean TPS, Max TPS, and Total Transaction Count, all of which are calculated from the median transaction count.


Instruction: How does a validator node determine the confirmation time in Solana?

Output: A validator node assigns a timestamp to every new fork and computes the time it took to confirm the fork, which is reflected as validator confirmation time in performance metrics.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the Solana git repository?

Output: The Solana git repository contains scripts for setting up a local testnet.


Instruction: What variations of the testnet can I run?

Output: Depending on your goals, you can run a Rust-only singlenode demo, an enhanced singlenode demo for performance optimization, a Rust-only multinode demo for consensus work, or an enhanced multinode demo to reproduce TPS metrics.


Instruction: What do I need to set up the testnet?

Output: To set up the testnet, you will need the latest Rust toolchain and the Solana source code. Follow the instructions in the Solana README to install Rust and Cargo.


Instruction: How do I start a validator in the testnet?

Output: To start a validator in the testnet, make sure you know the IP address of the machine you want to be the bootstrap validator. Open UDP ports 8000-10000 on all machines you want to test with.


Instruction: What is the purpose of the client demo?

Output: The client demo sends transactions to the testnet and periodically checks how many transactions were processed. It measures TPS and floods the network with UDP packets to reach a target TPS.


Instruction: What are the public RPC endpoints currently available for each public cluster?

Output: Solana maintains dedicated API nodes to fulfill JSON-RPC requests for each public cluster.


Instruction: Can third parties also access the public RPC endpoints?

Output: Yes, third parties may access the public RPC endpoints as well.


Instruction: Are the public RPC endpoints intended for production applications?

Output: No, the public RPC endpoints are not intended for production applications. It is recommended to use dedicated/private RPC servers when launching applications or dropping NFTs.