Input: How do votes and lockouts grow in the context of ASIC speed up?

Output: Votes and lockouts grow exponentially while ASIC speed up grows linearly.


Input: What is the purpose of sending transactions to a Solana cluster?

Output: The purpose of sending transactions to a Solana cluster is to have them processed and confirmed by validators.


Input: What could be the reasons for the Solana cluster not behaving as anticipated?

Output: The Solana cluster may not behave as anticipated due to reasons such as the BPF loader rejecting an unsafe program instruction or the runtime trying to execute a transaction while another one is accessing.


Input: How can I troubleshoot if my application is not behaving as expected in the Solana cluster?

Output: To troubleshoot, you can retarget your application to a lower-level component where fewer errors are possible. This can be done using different implementations of the AsyncClient and SyncClient traits.


Input: What are the primary methods implemented by components in Solana?

Output: The primary methods implemented by components in Solana are sending transactions asynchronously and synchronously and awaiting results.


Input: What is the purpose of the Bank layer in Solana?

Output: The Bank layer in Solana is a convenient layer for testing new on-chain programs and allows developers to toggle between native program implementations and BPF-compiled variants.


Input: What is the purpose of verifying the account set when a validator boots up from a snapshot?

Output: Verifying the account set ensures that the account state matches what the rest of the network sees, preventing potential attackers from manipulating the validator with incorrect state.


Input: How is the bank hash currently derived?

Output: The bank hash is derived by hashing the delta state of the accounts in a slot and combining it with the previous bank hash value.


Input: What is the problem with using the current method of deriving the bank hash?

Output: The list of hashes will grow in size and become burdensome to transmit and verify as the number of slots processed by the chain increases.


Input: What is the downside of creating a merkle tree of the account state for each account update?

Output: With each account update, the merkle tree would have to be recomputed from the entire account state of all live accounts, which is inefficient.


Input: How is the hash value used in the expansion function?

Output: The hash value is used as input to an expansion function, which expands it into an image value consisting of a 440-byte block of data.


Input: Why is there a need for at least 6 months of transaction history?

Output: The current transaction history of just a few days is insufficient for downstream users, so a longer history is necessary for analysis and decision-making.


Input: How is the transaction data stored practically?

Output: Since storing 6 months of transaction data in the validator's rocksdb ledger is not feasible, an external data store like Google's BigTable is used.


Input: What is the primary data source for transaction data?

Output: The primary data source for transaction data is the validator's rocksdb ledger, which serves as the basis for the external data store.


Input: How is new transaction data added without affecting existing data?

Output: New transaction data can be copied into the BigTable instance at any time without impacting the existing data, as all data in BigTable is immutable.


Input: What happens to old transaction data?

Output: Old transaction data is automatically cleaned up by configuring the data retention policy of the instance tables appropriately, so it disappears from the store.


Input: What is the role of RepairService in managing communication protocols?

Output: RepairService is responsible for retrieving missing shreds and managing the protocols for failed deliveries.


Input: How does Blockstore handle the storage of parent-child relationships for slots?

Output: Blockstore stores the parent-child relation between slots in its database, allowing for proper chaining of slots.


Input: What happens when completed slots are detected by blockstore?

Output: Completed slots are sent over a channel to RepairService, which then updates the cache and the base value for the RLE.


Input: How does the Shred Repair protocol address the challenge of filling "holes" in the ledger?

Output: The Shred Repair protocol tracks the latest root slot and periodically sends repair requests to validators for any missing shreds, prioritizing forks based on the leader's fork weight.


Input: What is the purpose of the Preemptive Slot Repair protocol?

Output: The Preemptive Slot Repair protocol aims to discover the chaining relationship of orphan slots and prioritize repairing them based on the leader's fork weight.


Input: What is the purpose of validator votes in the network?

Output: Validator votes have a critical function for consensus and continuous operation of the network. They ensure reliable delivery and encoding of messages into the ledger.


Input: How should vote transactions be maintained?

Output: Each vote transaction should maintain a wallclock in its data to ensure accurate record-keeping.


Input: What is the merge strategy for Votes in the network?

Output: The merge strategy for Votes will keep the last N set of votes as configured by the local client, ensuring the most recent and relevant information is retained.


Input: How does the gossip protocol work for message propagation?

Output: The gossip protocol efficiently propagates state by batching and propagating messages through a minimum spanning tree to the rest of the network. Partial failures in the tree are actively repaired with the gossip-pull protocol.


Input: Is it necessary to transmit multiple votes initially in the network?

Output: Initially, the network can perform reliably with just 1 vote transmitted and maintained through the network using the current Vote implementation. A fanout of 6 is sufficient for small networks.


Input: What is the purpose of handling readonly and writable accounts in the runtime?

Output: The purpose is to ensure that multiple transactions modifying the same account are processed serially, while transactions only reading the same account can be processed in parallel.


Input: How are readonly accounts identified in the transaction MessageHeader structure?

Output: Readonly accounts are identified by the num_readonly_signed_accounts and num_readonly_unsigned_accounts fields in the transaction MessageHeader structure.


Input: Can executable accounts be modified during instruction processing?

Output: No, executable accounts cannot be modified during instruction processing, similar to readonly accounts.


Input: What happens if an instruction tries to modify a readonly account?

Output: Instructions that try to credit, debit, or modify a readonly account will fail.


Input: How are readonly accounts separated from writable accounts in the runtime?

Output: The Accounts module keeps track of current locked accounts in the runtime, separating readonly accounts from writable accounts.


Input: What is the purpose of maintaining a set of accounts in the validator?

Output: The set of accounts represents the current computed state of all transactions processed by a validator, allowing for accurate record-keeping and verification.


Input: Why is persistent storage like NVMEs used in this context?

Output: Persistent storage, such as NVMEs, is more cost-effective compared to DDR and allows for storing large amounts of data required for maintaining the set of accounts.


Input: How does the design ensure concurrent reads and writes of storage?

Output: The design utilizes the AppendVec data structure, which allows for concurrent reads while enabling a single writer to append data, thus optimizing both reads and writes.


Input: What is the Total Current Supply of Solana?

Output: The Total Current Supply of Solana is the total amount of tokens that have been generated minus any tokens that have been burnt or slashed.


Input: How are new tokens created in the Solana protocol?

Output: The Solana protocol automatically creates new tokens on a predetermined inflation schedule.


Input: What is the Inflation Rate of Solana?

Output: The Inflation Rate of Solana is the annualized growth rate of the Total Current Supply at any point in time.


Input: What is dilution in the context of token holders?

Output: Dilution refers to the change in proportional representation of a set of tokens within a larger set due to the introduction of new tokens.


Input: How does staking tokens mitigate dilution concerns?

Output: Staking tokens allows holders to receive their proportional distribution of inflation issuance, which offsets the dilutive effects of inflation for that group.


Input: What is the Total Current Supply of Solana?

Output: The Total Current Supply of Solana is the total amount of tokens that have been generated minus any tokens that have been burnt or slashed.


Input: How is the Inflation Rate calculated on the Solana network?

Output: The Inflation Rate on the Solana network is the annualized growth rate of the Total Current Supply at any point in time.


Input: What is the purpose of the Inflation Schedule proposed by the Solana Foundation?

Output: The purpose of the Inflation Schedule proposed by the Solana Foundation is to have inflation start at its highest value and gradually reduce over time until stabilizing at a predetermined long-term inflation rate.


Input: How is Dilution defined in the context of token holders?

Output: Dilution, in the context of token holders, refers to the change in proportional representation of a set of tokens within a larger set due to the introduction of new tokens.


Input: How does staking tokens mitigate dilution concerns for token holders?

Output: Staking tokens allows token holders to receive their proportional distribution of inflation issuance, which offsets the dilutive effects of inflation for that group.


Input: What does a validator typically spend its time doing?

Output: A validator typically spends its time validating blocks.


Input: What happens when a staker delegates its stake to a validator?

Output: When a staker delegates its stake to a validator, it will occasionally be selected as a slot leader.


Input: How long does a slot last?

Output: A slot has a duration of some number of preconfigured ticks.


Input: What is the purpose of a PoH Recorder?

Output: The PoH Recorder is used for both estimating slot height and recording transactions.


Input: What happens if a block fails PoH verification?

Output: If a block fails PoH verification, it will be rejected by the cluster.


Input: How does the transition of production of the PoH ledger occur between leaders?

Output: Each leader generates its own slot and the current leader and the next leader race to generate the final tick for the current slot.


Input: What happens if the next leader arrives at its PoH slot height before the current leader finishes broadcasting the entire block?

Output: The next leader has to decide whether to attach its own block to the last completed block or wait to finalize the pending block.


Input: What incentives does the current leader have to start its slot early?

Output: The current leader has incentives to capture economic rewards, so it wants to start its slot as early as possible.


Input: Can a leader delay broadcasting the start of its block in real time?

Output: Yes, a leader can delay broadcasting the start of its block, and the delay is locally configurable by each leader based on the previous leader's behavior.


Input: What happens if the previous leader's block is confirmed by the leader's TVU before the timeout?

Output: If the previous leader's block is confirmed before the timeout, the PoH is reset to the start of the slot and the current leader produces its block immediately.


Input: What is the purpose of verifying another instruction in a smart contract program?

Output: Verifying another instruction in a smart contract program allows for the verification of certain data in a precompiled function.


Input: How can a program reference and receive the instruction data inside a message?

Output: A program can reference and receive the instruction data inside a message by using the new sysvar Sysvar1nstructions1111111111111111111111111.


Input: What are the helper functions used to extract the instruction data in the runtime?

Output: The helper functions used to extract the instruction data in the runtime are provided by the sysvar Sysvar1nstructions1111111111111111111111111.


Input: Why is custom serialization of instructions used instead of bincode?

Output: Custom serialization of instructions is used instead of bincode because it is about 10x faster in native code and does not exceed current SBF instruction limits.


Input: How does the bpf program extract the necessary information from the serialized instruction data?

Output: The bpf program can extract the necessary information from the serialized instruction data by recognizing the special instruction, serializing the message instruction data, and writing the current instruction index.


Input: How can I deploy pre-built binaries for supported platforms?

Output: You can use the software install and updater proposed in this document, which allows you to easily deploy pre-built binaries for supported platforms.


Input: Can I use binaries supplied by Solana or any other party provider?

Output: Yes, users have the option to use binaries supplied by Solana or any other party provider for their deployment.


Input: How are updates managed using the on-chain update manifest program?

Output: Updates are managed using the on-chain update manifest program, which stores the update manifest using the config program. Each update manifest account describes a logical update channel for a given target triple.


Input: How can I obtain a pre-built binary if it is not available for a given platform?

Output: If a pre-built binary is not available for a given platform, you always have the option to build the installer from source.


Input: What is an update manifest and how is it used in the deployment process?

Output: An update manifest is used to advertise the deployment of new release tarballs on a Solana cluster. It is stored using the config program and each update manifest account describes a logical update channel for a specific target triple.


Input: What is the purpose of rewriting unchanged accounts during rent collection checks?

Output: The purpose is to ensure that every account is checked for rent collection at least once per epoch and to maintain security.


Input: Why is storing accounts during rent collection checks expensive?

Output: Storing accounts can be very expensive because it requires a lot of resources and computational power.


Input: How can we minimize the performance impact of rewriting unchanged accounts during rent collection checks?

Output: By not rewriting unchanged accounts, we can achieve a big performance win and reduce the costs associated with storing accounts.


Input: What is the Epoch Accounts Hash (EAH)?

Output: The Epoch Accounts Hash is the result of a full accounts hash calculation performed once per epoch and is used for verifying every account as part of consensus.


Input: What is the purpose of the start slot and start offset in relation to the EAH calculation?

Output: The start slot and start offset are used to determine the predetermined slot from which the EAH calculation will be based on, ensuring that all validators calculate the same accounts hash.


Input: What is the purpose of incorporating the EAH into the snapshot hash?

Output: The purpose of incorporating the EAH into the snapshot hash is to implicitly verify the EAH when loading from a snapshot archive.


Input: How is the EAH requested and stored in the Banks?

Output: The EAH is requested by BankForks::set_root() and stored into Banks when they are frozen.


Input: What can happen if the EAH start slot is not 32 slots before the stop slot?

Output: If the EAH start slot is not 32 slots before the stop slot, it can result in surprising behavior and consensus failures due to different bank hashes.


Input: Why is the EAH disabled during warmup?

Output: The EAH is disabled during warmup because it is transient and to ensure that the calculation window is big enough.


Input: How does the EAH interact with warping?

Output: The EAH interacts with warping by including newly-calculated EAH when the warp slot is rooted, which is different from normal behavior.


Input: What is the significance of the EAH calculation in the context of wealth advising?

Output: The EAH calculation is important in wealth advising as it helps determine the expected annual return on investments, which assists in making informed financial decisions.


Input: How does the behavior of the warp slot differ from the normal behavior?

Output: Unlike the normal behavior, the warp slot includes the EAH calculated at the parent slot instead of the previously-calculated EAH from the start slot.


Input: Why is a new EAH calculation requested when the warp slot is rooted?

Output: When the warp slot is rooted, a new EAH calculation is requested to account for any changes or updates in the financial market, ensuring accurate and up-to-date information for wealth advising.


Input: Can you explain the concept of stop slot 2 in relation to the EAH calculation?

Output: Stop slot 2 refers to a specific stage in the wealth advising process where the newly requested EAH calculation is included. It helps provide a comprehensive analysis for making investment decisions.


Input: What is the purpose of including the EAH calculated at the parent slot in the warp slot?

Output: Including the EAH calculated at the parent slot in the warp slot ensures that the most recent and relevant information is considered, allowing for more accurate wealth advising recommendations.


Input: What is the purpose of Solana's crypto-economic system?

Output: Solana's crypto-economic system is designed to promote a healthy, long-term self-sustaining economy with participant incentives aligned to the security and decentralization of the network.


Input: Who are the main participants in Solana's economy?

Output: The main participants in Solana's economy are validation-clients.


Input: How are participant remittances referred to in Solana's economy?

Output: Participant remittances in Solana's economy are referred to as protocol-based (inflationary) rewards and transaction fees.


Input: What are protocol-based rewards in Solana's economy?

Output: Protocol-based rewards in Solana's economy are issuances from a global, protocol-defined, inflation rate.


Input: How are protocol-based rewards distributed in Solana's network?

Output: Protocol-based rewards are distributed amongst the actively staked tokens on the network based on a global supply inflation rate calculated per Solana epoch.


Input: What is the purpose of the nonce field in Solana transactions?

Output: The nonce field in Solana transactions is used to prevent replay by containing a "recent" blockhash value.


Input: Can a transaction with an old blockhash be accepted by the network?

Output: No, a transaction with an old blockhash (around 2 minutes old) is rejected by the network as invalid.


Input: What is the purpose of a durable nonce in Solana transactions?

Output: A durable nonce allows potentially offline network participants, such as custodial services, to have more time to produce a signature for the transaction.


Input: How can a client enable the use of a durable nonce in their transactions?

Output: To enable the use of a durable nonce, a client starts by creating a nonce account under the system program and then issues an InitializeNonceAccount instruction to initialize it.


Input: What is the purpose of the AdvanceNonceAccount instruction in Solana transactions?

Output: The AdvanceNonceAccount instruction is used to manage the stored nonce value in the account's state data, storing the most recent blockhash and preventing transactions from being replayed within the same block.


Input: What is the purpose of the commitment metric?

Output: The commitment metric aims to provide clients with a measure of network confirmation and stake levels on a particular block.


Input: How can clients use the commitment metric information?

Output: Clients can use the commitment metric information to derive their own measures of commitment.


Input: How can clients request commitment metrics?

Output: Clients can request commitment metrics from a validator for a specific signature through RPC (Remote Procedure Call).


Input: What does the BlockCommitment struct contain?

Output: The BlockCommitment struct contains an array of u64 representing the commitment metric for a particular block.


Input: How many elements are there in the BlockCommitment array?

Output: There will be MAX_CONFIRMATIONS elements in the BlockCommitment array, representing all possible numbers of confirmations from 1 to MAX_CONFIRMATIONS.


Input: What is the purpose of the Bank timestamp in assessing time-based stake account lockups?

Output: The Bank timestamp is used to determine whether locked up accounts are eligible for release based on the expiration date.


Input: Why is the current Bank timestamp inaccurate?

Output: The current Bank timestamp is based on a theoretical slots-per-second value instead of real-world time, leading to inaccuracies in lockup registrations.


Input: How can the proposed implementation align the Bank timestamp with real-world time?

Output: The proposed implementation suggests using a validator timestamp oracle to calculate a more realistic timestamp estimate for each new Bank.


Input: What data does the runtime need to calculate the estimated timestamp for a particular Bank?

Output: The runtime needs the most recent vote timestamps from the active validator set, which can be obtained using the Bank::vote_accounts() method.


Input: Why is the stake-weighted median timestamp preferred over the stake-weighted mean timestamp?

Output: The stake-weighted median timestamp is preferred because it prevents nodes with very small stake from having a disproportionate effect on the resulting timestamp.


Input: What is the purpose of the Solana ABI management process?

Output: The purpose of the Solana ABI management process is to avoid introducing unintended incompatible ABI changes.


Input: Why is it difficult to upgrade the software on an existing cluster without rebooting the ledger?

Output: It is difficult to upgrade the software on an existing cluster without rebooting the ledger because the Solana ABI is currently only defined implicitly by the implementation and requires careful attention to notice breaking changes.


Input: What is the mechanism introduced to mark ABI-related things in the source code?

Output: The mechanism introduced to mark ABI-related things in the source code is the #[frozen_abi] attribute, which assigns a hard-coded digest value derived from the types of its fields via ser::Serialize.


Input: How is the detection of possible ABI incompatibilities handled in this ABI management process?

Output: The detection of possible ABI incompatibilities is handled through the automatic generation of unit tests using the #[frozen_abi] attribute, which tries to detect any unsanctioned changes to the marked ABI-related things.


Input: What is the goal of the implementation of this ABI management process?

Output: The goal of the implementation is to automatically detect unintended ABI changes as much as possible by calculating a digest of structural ABI information and comparing it with the value specified in the #[frozen_abi] attribute.


Input: What is the purpose of the proof of stake (PoS) design outlined in the context?

Output: The purpose of the PoS design is to align validator incentives with the greater cluster, avoid fork voting issues, and provide an avenue for validator rewards based on participation.


Input: How does Solana implement the proof of stake reward/security scheme for validator nodes?

Output: Solana implements the scheme by requiring validators to deposit/lock-up a certain amount of SOL in a contract, which becomes inaccessible for a specific time period.


Input: What are the three phases of the staking lockup period for becoming a Solana validator?

Output: The three phases include the warm-up period (SOL deposited but validation hasn't begun), the validation period (SOL inaccessible with risk of slashing), and the cool-down period (following withdrawal submission).


Input: How does Solana's proof of history (PoH) data structure provide sub-second transaction confirmation times?

Output: Solana's PoH data structure, along with its turbine data broadcast and transmission design, provides sub-second transaction confirmation times that scale with the log of the number of nodes in the cluster.


Input: How are annual validator interest rates determined in Solana's cluster?

Output: Annual validator interest rates are specified as a function of the total percentage of circulating supply that has been staked, rewarding validators who are online and actively participating in the validation process.


Input: What is the purpose of the proof of stake (PoS) design outlined in the context?

Output: The purpose of the PoS design is to align validator incentives with the greater cluster, avoid fork voting issues, and provide an avenue for validator rewards based on participation.


Input: How does Solana's proof of stake (PoS) system work?

Output: Solana's PoS system is based on a rotating, stake-weighted selected leader broadcasting transactions in a PoH data structure to validating nodes. Validators have the opportunity to vote on the current state and PoH height by signing a transaction into the PoH stream.


Input: What is required to become a Solana validator?

Output: To become a Solana validator, one must deposit/lock-up some amount of SOL in a contract. This SOL will be inaccessible for a specific time period, which includes warm-up, validation, and cool-down periods.


Input: How does Solana ensure fast transaction confirmation times?

Output: Solana's trustless sense of time and ordering provided by its PoH data structure, along with its turbine data broadcast and transmission design, should provide sub-second transaction confirmation times that scale with the log of the number of nodes in the cluster.


Input: How are validator interest rates determined in Solana's PoS system?

Output: Validator interest rates are specified as a function of the total percentage of circulating supply that has been staked. Validators who are online and actively participating in the validation process throughout their validation period are rewarded, while those who go offline or fail to validate transactions may have their rewards reduced.


Input: What is the purpose of the proof of stake (PoS) design outlined in the context?

Output: The purpose of the PoS design is to align validator incentives, avoid fork voting issues, and provide an avenue for validator rewards.


Input: How does Solana implement the proof of stake reward/security scheme for validator nodes?

Output: Solana implements the scheme by having validators deposit/lock-up a certain amount of SOL in a contract, which is inaccessible for a specific time period.


Input: What are the three phases of the staking lockup period for becoming a Solana validator?

Output: The three phases are the warm-up period (when SOL is deposited but validation has not begun), the validation period (where SOL is inaccessible but earns rewards), and the cool-down period (following a withdrawal transaction).


Input: How does Solana's proof of history (PoH) data structure provide sub-second transaction confirmation times?

Output: Solana's PoH data structure, along with its turbine data broadcast and transmission design, provides sub-second transaction confirmation times that scale with the log of the number of nodes in the cluster.


Input: What determines the annual validator interest rates in Solana's PoS system?

Output: The annual validator interest rates are specified as a function of the total percentage of circulating supply that has been staked. Validators who are online and actively participating in the validation process receive cluster rewards.


Input: What is the purpose of events in Solidity?

Output: Events in Solidity are used to report state changes in smart contracts and serve as a way to recover the entire state of a contract by re-reading all events from the chain.


Input: How are events written in Solidity?

Output: Events are written as structures with zero or more fields, and can be emitted with specific values.


Input: What is the difference between indexed and non-indexed fields in events?

Output: Indexed fields in events are marked and go into fixed length fields called topics, while non-indexed fields are eth abi encoded into a variable length byte array.


Input: Can events be declared anonymous?

Output: Yes, events can be declared anonymous, in which case the first field is not a hash of the signature and it is permitted to have 4 indexed fields.


Input: How are events stored in Ethereum?

Output: Events in Ethereum are stored in blocks and mark certain state changes in smart contracts. They serve the purpose of allowing applications to read and process these changes locally.


Input: What is the purpose of this ledger replication solution?

Output: The purpose of this solution is to prevent the network from centralizing around validators that have to store the full data set by proposing a way for mining nodes to provide storage capacity for pieces of the data.


Input: How much data does Solana generate per year on a 1gbps network?

Output: At full capacity on a 1gbps network, Solana will generate 4 petabytes of data per year.


Input: What is the basic idea behind Proof of Replication?

Output: The basic idea behind Proof of Replication is encrypting a dataset with a public symmetric key using CBC encryption, then hashing the encrypted dataset.


Input: What is the purpose of the Proof of Replication game?

Output: The Proof of Replication game is designed to ensure that archivers are storing and replicating the ledger accurately.


Input: How do validators monitor the turns in the PoRep game?

Output: Validators monitor the turns in the PoRep game by maintaining a map of ledger segments and corresponding archiver public keys.


Input: How do clients retrieve segments from archivers?

Output: Clients can retrieve segments from archivers by sending repair requests to the archiver's network address obtained through the RPC interface provided by validators.


Input: What is the role of a signature in the PoRep game?

Output: Signatures derived from a PoH hash at the turn boundary are used to tie the signatures to the keypair, preventing a leader from manipulating the results.


Input: Why do PoRep proof transactions generated by archivers require a higher fee?

Output: PoRep proof transactions generated by archivers may require a higher fee to represent the computational cost required by validators to verify the proofs.


Input: What is the purpose of a storage proof confirmation transaction?

Output: The purpose of a storage proof confirmation transaction is to confirm the validity of the storage proof and trigger the distribution of the storage reward.


Input: How does an archiver prove that a storage proof is fake?

Output: An archiver can prove that a storage proof is fake by providing the archiver hash of a signature of a PoH value.


Input: How are lazy validators caught in the system?

Output: Lazy validators are caught in the system when an archiver submits a transaction indicating that a validator has approved a fake SubmitMiningProof transaction.


Input: What is the role of a wealth advisor?

Output: A wealth advisor's role is to provide financial advice and guidance to clients, helping them manage and grow their wealth.


Input: How can a client benefit from working with a wealth advisor?

Output: A client can benefit from working with a wealth advisor by receiving personalized financial advice, gaining access to investment opportunities, and having their financial goals and objectives aligned with their investment strategy.


Input: What is the purpose of the SubmitMiningProof transaction in the context?

Output: The purpose of the SubmitMiningProof transaction is to validate the hash and mark it as valid, saving the challenge to the list of challenges in the state.


Input: Who submits the indication of a new storage epoch passing?

Output: Validators and archivers submit the indication of a new storage epoch passing.


Input: What should other transactions do in relation to the epoch they are referencing?

Output: Other transactions should check if the epoch they are referencing is accurate according to the current chain state.


Input: What are storage proofs in this context?

Output: Storage proofs are proofs that indicate the previous epoch and are considered current proofs in the context.


Input: What happens if the hash does not match in the SubmitMiningProof transaction?

Output: If the hash does not match in the SubmitMiningProof transaction, it will not be marked as valid and will not be saved to the list of challenges.


Input: What are inter-chain applications?

Output: Inter-chain applications refer to applications that operate across different blockchain networks, allowing for interoperability and communication between these networks.


Input: How do centralized exchanges differ from single chain applications in terms of users and volume?

Output: Centralized exchanges have a significantly larger number of users and higher trading volume compared to single chain applications.


Input: What are the drawbacks of mechanisms that require users to unilaterally trust centralized exchanges?

Output: Users who trust centralized exchanges are typically vulnerable to accidental loss and have limited recourse or protection in case of any issues or losses.


Input: What is Simple Payment Verification (SPV)?

Output: Simple Payment Verification (SPV) is a generic term for various methodologies used by light clients on blockchain networks to verify network state aspects without fully storing and maintaining the entire blockchain.


Input: How does SPV verification work?

Output: SPV verification relies on a form of hash tree to provide a proof of the presence of a specific transaction in a certain block. This allows light clients to achieve a probabilistic level of certainty about on-chain events with minimal trust required.


Input: What is the purpose of the Solana Inter-chain SPV mechanism?

Output: The purpose of the Solana Inter-chain SPV mechanism is to statelessly verify SPV proofs for the caller and coordinate the interaction between Clients and Provers.


Input: How does the SPV program validate proofs?

Output: The SPV program validates proofs by comparing the SPV proof with the relevant block headers and necessary parameters of the transaction.


Input: How can clients monitor the status of their requests?

Output: Clients can monitor the status of their requests by querying the account data of the request account, which displays applicable transactions and proofs.


Input: What is a Proof Request in the SPV mechanism?

Output: A Proof Request is a message sent by the Client to the SPV engine, denoting a request for a proof of a specific transaction or set of transactions.


Input: How do Provers fill a Proof Request?

Output: Provers fill a Proof Request by generating matching proofs and submitting them to the SPV program for validation. If accepted, they receive the associated fee.


Input: What is the purpose of constructing proofs in Bitcoin?

Output: The purpose of constructing proofs in Bitcoin is to provide a mechanism for verifying the validity of transactions and blocks on the blockchain.


Input: How are block headers maintained in Bitcoin?

Output: Block headers are maintained using an account-based data structure, which is used to store and include block headers in submitted proofs.


Input: Why can header stores be maintained by independent entities in Bitcoin?

Output: Header stores can be maintained by independent entities because header chain validation is a component of the SPV program proof validation mechanism.


Input: How are fees paid out by Proof Requests in Bitcoin?

Output: Fees paid out by Proof Requests in Bitcoin are split between the submitter of the merkle proof itself and the referenced header store.


Input: Why does the use case in Bitcoin require a data structure that can grow indefinitely without rebalancing?

Output: The use case in Bitcoin requires a data structure that can grow indefinitely without rebalancing due to the current inability to grow already allocated account data capacity.


Input: What is the purpose of this document?

Output: The purpose of this document is to describe how the cluster handles duplicate blocks produced by leaders.


Input: How does the cluster resolve potential forks caused by duplicate blocks?

Output: When the WindowStage detects a duplicate slot proof, it checks if at least 1/3 of the nodes have rooted a slot greater than or equal to the duplicate proof. If so, it pushes a proof to gossip_duplicate_slots to resolve the fork.


Input: What happens when ReplayStage receives a signal for a duplicate slot?

Output: When ReplayStage receives a signal for a duplicate slot, the validator monitors gossip and replay for enough votes for the same hash, which confirms the duplicate version of the slot.


Input: How can I protect my wealth from potential fraud or deception?

Output: It is important to work with a trusted wealth advisor who can provide guidance on how to safeguard your assets and identify any red flags or warning signs of fraudulent activities.


Input: What are some common investment strategies for growing my wealth?

Output: There are various investment strategies such as diversification, asset allocation, and long-term investing that can help you grow your wealth. Your wealth advisor can tailor these strategies to your specific financial goals and risk tolerance.


Input: How can I minimize my tax liability while managing my wealth?

Output: Your wealth advisor can help you explore tax-efficient investment options, such as tax-deferred accounts or tax-loss harvesting, to minimize your tax liability. They can also provide guidance on other tax planning strategies to optimize your overall financial situation.


Input: What factors should I consider when planning for retirement?

Output: Retirement planning involves considering factors such as your desired lifestyle, anticipated expenses, healthcare costs, and inflation. Your wealth advisor can help you create a comprehensive retirement plan that takes into account these factors and ensures a financially secure retirement.


Input: How can I ensure the financial well-being of my family in the event of my passing?

Output: Estate planning is crucial to ensure the financial well-being of your loved ones. Your wealth advisor can assist you in creating a will, setting up trusts, and implementing other estate planning strategies to protect and distribute your assets according to your wishes.


Input: What is the purpose of introducing additional fees to transactions?

Output: The purpose of introducing additional fees to transactions is to allow users to bid for priority for their transactions in the leader's queue.


Input: How is the fee priority of a transaction defined?

Output: The fee priority of a transaction is defined as "fee-per compute-unit," which is calculated by dividing the sum of additional fee and base fee by the requested compute units.


Input: Why does the proposed scheduler for the leader need to guarantee fair priority based on fees?

Output: The proposed scheduler for the leader needs to guarantee fair priority based on fees to ensure that users get priority based on the amount of fee they are willing to pay.


Input: How are transactions from sigverify connected to the scheduler?

Output: Transactions from sigverify are connected to the scheduler via a channel, which allows communication between them.


Input: What is the role of the scheduler in the pipeline?

Output: The scheduler's role in the pipeline is to run an algorithm that determines how to schedule transactions received from sigverify to the N BankingStage threads.


Input: What are some general purpose programming languages that can be used to write on-chain programs in Solana?

Output: Developers can write on-chain programs in general purpose programming languages such as C or Rust.


Input: How does Move programming language differ from Solidity contracts?

Output: Move contracts separate references to shared data from contract code, allowing for parallel execution, unlike Solidity contracts.


Input: What is the biggest design difference between Solana's runtime and Libra's Move VM?

Output: Solana's runtime manages safe invocations between modules by trapping back into the runtime, while Libra's Move VM uses an advanced type system to run these checks.


Input: Why is Solana's runtime different from dynamically-typed languages like Python?

Output: Solana's runtime allows applications to be written in general purpose programming languages, but with the cost of runtime checks when jumping between programs.


Input: How can Move modules be marked as executable with the VM as its owner?

Output: Move modules can be marked as executable with the VM as its owner by embedding the Move VM as a Solana loader under the identifier MOVE_PROGRAM_ID.


Input: What is the current fee structure based on?

Output: The current fee structure is based solely on the number of signatures in a transaction.


Input: Does the current fee structure account for all the work performed by a validator?

Output: No, the current fee structure only considers signature verification, but there is additional user-defined work involved in validating each transaction.


Input: How does the cost model determine the costs associated with the new fee structure?

Output: The cost model sets criteria and provides knobs that can be used to determine the native token costs associated with the new fee structure.


Input: What is the goal of the fees in this context?

Output: The goal of the fees is to cover the computation cost of processing a transaction.


Input: How does the cost model assist in transaction scheduling decisions?

Output: By calculating the total cost of a transaction, the runtime can charge a more representative fee and make better transaction scheduling decisions.


Input: What is the purpose of the Cluster Test Framework (CTF)?

Output: The purpose of CTF is to provide a framework for writing tests independent of where and how the cluster is deployed.


Input: What should the focus of the tests be on?

Output: The focus of the tests should be on cluster stability, consensus, fault tolerance, and API stability.


Input: How should tests be written?

Output: Tests should be written with the least amount of internal plumbing exposed to the test and should verify a single bug or scenario.


Input: What configuration is required for each node in the cluster?

Output: Each node in the cluster is configured with a validator::ValidatorConfig at boot time.


Input: How does the test discover the cluster?

Output: Once booted, the test will discover the cluster through a gossip entry point and configure any runtime behaviors via validator RPC.


Input: What is the purpose of this document?

Output: This document explores RocksDB based solutions for Solana BlockStore mentioned in issue #16234.


Input: What is RocksDB and how is it used in Solana?

Output: RocksDB is a LSM-based key value store used as the underlying storage for Solana's blockstore. It consists of multiple logical levels and is used to sort data by key.


Input: How does compaction affect the read performance of RocksDB?

Output: Compaction in RocksDB periodically reduces the number of logical levels by merging them into one. This can increase the number of disk I/Os and storage required, making the read performance worse over time.


Input: What happens when the background compactions in RocksDB cannot catch up with the write rate?

Output: When the background compactions cannot catch up with the write rate, the number of logical levels in RocksDB will eventually exceed the configured limit. In such cases, RocksDB will rate-limit or stop all writes, leading to write stalls.


Input: How are deletions processed in RocksDB?

Output: Deletions in RocksDB are processed during background compaction, where multiple entries associated with the same key are merged or deleted. However, deleted entries still occupy disk storage even though they are not visible from the read side immediately after deletion.


Input: What is the purpose of the compaction filter in the current settings?

Output: The compaction filter helps maintain the performance of the metadata column families by filtering out unnecessary data during the compaction process.


Input: How does write stall work in RocksDB's mechanism?

Output: Write stall is a mechanism that slows down or stops writes temporarily to allow compactions to catch up and keep read amplification low in order to maintain performance.


Input: What is the advantage of using FIFO compaction in the shred data column families?

Output: FIFO compaction offers close to 1 read amplification and 1 space amplification in the shred data column families due to the naturally sorted SST files.


Input: How can we avoid write stalls when performing FIFO to level compaction?

Output: To avoid write stalls, it is more efficient to perform a manual compaction first before opening the DB for FIFO to level compaction.


Input: What are the benefits of using FIFO-based validator compared to the current setting?

Output: Using a FIFO-based validator results in ~33% less data being written and a lower resource usage in compaction, improving overall performance and efficiency.


Input: What is the proposed solution to the performance issues of blockstore #16234?

Output: The proposed solution is a FIFO-compaction based solution that minimizes read/write/space amplification factors by leveraging the unique property of Solana BlockStore workload.


Input: How does the proposed solution improve performance?

Output: The proposed solution can insert 185k shred/s, which is approximately 2.25 times faster than the current design that inserts 82k shreds/s.


Input: What are the experimental results from Mainnet-Beta regarding the proposed FIFO-based solution?

Output: The experimental results show that the proposed FIFO-based solution can achieve the same task with 33% fewer disk writes compared to the current design.


Input: What is the purpose of the FIFO-compaction process?

Output: The purpose of the FIFO-compaction process is to compact data shreds and coding shreds with fewer than 1/3 disk writes, while eliminating the need for disk read.


Input: How does the proposed solution leverage the unique property of Solana BlockStore workload?

Output: The proposed solution leverages the fact that write-keys in Solana BlockStore workload are mostly monotonically increasing over time, which helps in minimizing read/write/space amplification factors.


Input: What is the purpose of a validator voting on a PoH hash?

Output: The vote indicates that the ledger is valid up until that point in time and shows exclusive support for a specific fork.


Input: How does a validator start voting?

Output: A validator first registers an account to which it will send its votes, and then sends votes to that account.


Input: What does a voting ballot contain?

Output: Voting ballots do not contain a PoH hash or a hash of the bank state. They only indicate that the validator has observed an arbitrary block at some height.


Input: How does a validator receive tokens as a validation reward?

Output: When a block is produced, the leader adds a NewBlock transaction to the ledger with tokens representing the validation reward, which are sent from the mining pool to the validators.


Input: What is Tower BFT and how does it relate to voting?

Output: Tower BFT is a proposed fork selection algorithm that suggests postponing payment to miners until the stack of validator votes reaches a certain depth. The vote program may implement Tower BFT and reference a global Tower account to track cross-block state.


Input: What is the role of a leader in the context of banking?

Output: In banking, a leader is responsible for performing various tasks such as processing transactions, filtering valid transactions, and organizing them into entries.


Input: How does the workload of a leader compare to that of a validator?

Output: A leader performs 3 times more memory operations than a validator before any bank execution, making their workload higher.


Input: Why does a leader only need to do 1 load for a spend operation?

Output: Unlike normal bank operations that require 2 loads and 2 stores, a leader only needs to do 1 load, resulting in 4 times less account database work before generating the block.


Input: What advantage does the replay stage have for processing transactions?

Output: During the replay stage, transactions can assume that Proof of History (PoH) is valid and all entries are safe for parallel execution, reducing the cost and allowing for faster processing.


Input: How does a leader validate fee accounts for inclusion in a block?

Output: The leader only needs to validate that the fee account has the balance to pay for the transaction fee, ensuring it can be included in the block.


Input: What is the purpose of the ReplicaSlotConfirmationRequestor?

Output: The ReplicaSlotConfirmationRequestor is responsible for sending requests to its peer validator or replica for the latest slots.


Input: How does the ReplicaAccountsServer work?

Output: The ReplicaAccountsServer is responsible for serving the ReplicaAccountsRequest and sending the ReplicaAccountsResponse to the requestor. It can stream the account information from its AccountCache or storage.


Input: What is the role of the solana-replica-node?

Output: The solana-replica-node is a separate executable from the validator and its main responsibility is to maintain the AccountsDb replica.


Input: How does the ReplicaSlotConfirmationServer function?

Output: The ReplicaSlotConfirmationServer serves the ReplicaSlotConfirmationRequest and sends the ReplicaSlotConfirmationResponse back to the requestor. It retrieves the slots for replication from BankForks, BlockCommitmentCache, and OptimisticallyConfirmBank.


Input: What components make up the replica?

Output: The replica consists of the ReplicaSlotConfirmationRequestor, ReplicaSlotConfirmationServer, ReplicaAccountsRequestor, ReplicaAccountsServer, and JsonRpcAccountsService.


Input: What is the purpose of the JsonRpcService?

Output: The JsonRpcService serves client calls other than AccountsDb ones.


Input: What information does the JsonRpcService require to load the Bank?

Output: The JsonRpcService requires BankForks, OptimisticallyConfirmedBank, and BlockCommitmentCache to load the Bank.


Input: What is the responsibility of the AccountsBackgroundService?

Output: The AccountsBackgroundService is responsible for taking snapshots periodically, shrinking the AccountsDb, and doing accounts cleaning.


Input: How can adverse effects on the validator and replica due to replication be limited?

Output: Adverse effects can be limited by configuring the validator and replica with a list of replica nodes that can form a replication pair, and by configuring the replica node with a validator that can serve its requests.


Input: Who is primarily responsible for ensuring replication is tolerant of faults?

Output: The replica is primarily responsible for ensuring replication is tolerant of faults.


Input: What is the mainnet-beta and testnet moving to in May?

Output: At the end of May, the mainnet-beta is moving to 1.1, and testnet is moving to 1.2.


Input: How can applications assume block confirmation with 2/3+ votes?

Output: Applications can assume that 2/3+ votes observed in gossip confirm a block.


Input: What happens if more than 1/3 - 2X of the network is unavailable?

Output: If more than 1/3 - 2X of the network is unavailable, the network may stall and will only resume finalizing blocks after the network recovers below 1/3 - 2X of failing nodes.


Input: What is the current threshold percentage for the network to stop finalizing blocks?

Output: Currently, the threshold percentage is set at 4.66%, which means that if 23.68% have failed, the network may stop finalizing blocks.


Input: How does Solana's implementation reduce complexity in building on other networks?

Output: Solana's implementation reduces complexity because their votes have provable VDF-based timeouts, making it easier to build on other networks.


Input: How does the network determine if a block has reached finality?

Output: The network assumes that if at least 2/3+ of the votes observed in gossip confirm a block, it has reached finality.


Input: What happens if more than 4.66% of the network violates the protocol?

Output: If more than 4.66% of the network violates the protocol, it may not be possible for the validators' current fork to reach 2/3+ finality.


Input: How does a validator construct a proof that their current fork may not reach finality?

Output: A validator constructs a proof by collecting votes for all the forks excluding their own and submitting it with their vote for the alternative fork.


Input: What is the safety margin in case the protocol is violated?

Output: The safety margin is 1/3+X, where X represents the minimum amount of stake that will be slashed if the protocol is violated.


Input: How does the network handle unavailability of nodes?

Output: If more than 1/3 - 2X of the network is unavailable, the network may stall and will only resume finalizing blocks after the network recovers below 1/3 - 2X of failing nodes.


Input: What is the purpose of moving the mainnet-beta and testnet versions?

Output: The purpose of moving the mainnet-beta and testnet versions is to track progress and achieve optimistic confirmation.


Input: How does the network behave with testnet version 1.2?

Output: With testnet version 1.2, the network behaves as if it has optimistic finality as long as no more than 4.66% of the validators are acting maliciously.


Input: What can applications assume with 2/3+ votes observed in gossip?

Output: Applications can assume that 2/3+ votes observed in gossip confirm a block or that at least 4.66% of the network is violating the protocol.


Input: How do validators construct a proof to reach finality?

Output: Validators construct a proof by collecting votes for all the forks excluding their own and hashing the proof with their vote for the alternative fork.


Input: What is the safety margin in case the protocol is violated?

Output: The safety margin is 1/3+X, where X represents the minimum amount of stake that will be slashed in case the protocol is violated.


Input: What are transaction fees in the context of the Solana blockchain?

Output: Transaction fees are the small fees paid to process instructions on the Solana blockchain.


Input: How are transaction fees paid in the Solana network?

Output: Transaction fees are paid by the sender of each transaction to the network to help support the economic design of the Solana blockchain.


Input: What is the difference between transaction fees and account rent in the Solana network?

Output: Transaction fees are paid to process instructions, while rent is paid to store data on the blockchain. They serve different purposes in the Solana economic design.


Input: What is the purpose of transaction fees in the blockchain system?

Output: Transaction fees in the blockchain system incentivize validators to process more transactions during their designated slots in the leader schedule.


Input: How are transaction fees collected and distributed in the blockchain system?

Output: Transaction fees are partially burned, and the remaining fees are collected by the validator who produced the block containing the corresponding transactions. The collected fees are deposited in the validator's account listed in the leader schedule.


Input: Has the transaction fee burn rate changed since the beginning of 2021?

Output: No, the transaction fee burn rate has remained unchanged at 50% since the inflation rewards were enabled at the start of 2021.


Input: What happens to the transaction fees that are burned in the blockchain system?

Output: The burned transaction fees are permanently removed from circulation, which helps control inflation and maintain the value of the cryptocurrency.


Input: How do transaction fees incentivize validators in the blockchain system?

Output: Transaction fees incentivize validators to process as many transactions as possible during their slots in the leader schedule, as they receive a portion of these fees for their services.


Input: What are transaction fees in the context of the Solana blockchain?

Output: Transaction fees are small fees paid to process instructions on the Solana blockchain. They are paid to the network to support its economic design.


Input: How are transaction fees different from account rent on the Solana network?

Output: Transaction fees are paid to process instructions, while account rent is paid to store data on the blockchain.


Input: How do transaction fees benefit the Solana economic design?

Output: Transaction fees offer many benefits in the Solana economic design. They help sustain the network's security and prevent malicious validators from censoring transactions.


Input: How are transaction fees calculated on the Solana blockchain?

Output: Transaction fees on Solana are calculated based on the maximum number of compute units consumed by each instruction within a transaction.


Input: What is a prioritization fee in the context of Solana transactions?

Output: A prioritization fee is an optional additional fee paid to prioritize a transaction against others, resulting in faster execution times.


Input: What is the purpose of transaction fees in the blockchain?

Output: Transaction fees incentivize validators to process as many transactions as possible during their slots in the leader schedule.


Input: How are transaction fees collected in the blockchain?

Output: Transaction fees are partially burned and the remaining fees are collected by the validator that produced the block containing the corresponding transactions.


Input: Has the transaction fee burn rate changed since the beginning of 2021?

Output: No, the transaction fee burn rate was initialized as 50% when inflation rewards were enabled at the beginning of 2021 and has not changed so far.


Input: Where are the collected transaction fees deposited?

Output: Collected fees are deposited in the validator's account listed in the leader schedule for the current slot after processing all of the transactions included in a block.


Input: What happens to the transaction fees if a validator does not process any transactions during their slot?

Output: If a validator does not process any transactions during their slot, they will not collect any transaction fees for that block.


Input: What is the purpose of the owner-controlled state in Solana accounts?

Output: The owner-controlled state in Solana accounts is separate from the account's balance and is used by validators to maintain a working copy of the account's data in memory.


Input: How are accounts charged rent on the Solana network?

Output: Accounts on the Solana network are charged rent based on a time-and-space fee, also known as Rent, which is a resource consumption fee that reflects the underlying hardware storage cost.


Input: How often is rent collected from Solana accounts?

Output: Rent is collected from Solana accounts in two timings: when referenced by a transaction and periodically once an epoch to ensure rents are collected from stale accounts.


Input: What happens if an account's balance falls below the minimum balance threshold on Solana?

Output: If an account's balance falls below the minimum balance threshold on Solana, it is charged rent at a rate specified in genesis, in lamports per byte-year.


Input: How is rent distributed on the Solana network?

Output: A percentage of the rent collected is destroyed, and the rest is distributed to validator accounts by stake weight at the end of every slot, similar to transaction fees.


Input: What are transaction fees in the context of the Solana ledger?

Output: Transaction fees are costs paid by the submitter of a transaction and collected by a validator for validating and adding data to the Solana ledger.


Input: What is the purpose of storage rent in the Solana network?

Output: Storage rent is implemented to account for the costs of mid-term storage of active ledger state, which imposes costs on validators and the broader network as the active state grows.


Input: How does maintaining a minimum balance benefit account holders in the Solana network?

Output: By maintaining a minimum balance, account holders can ensure that their Account::data will be retained for continual access and usage, while the broader network benefits from reduced liquidity.


Input: How is rent charged for accounts in the Solana network?

Output: If an account has less than two years' worth of deposited rent, the network charges rent on a per-epoch basis, deducting it at a rate specified in genesis in lamports per kilobyte-year.


Input: What happens if an account's balance falls below the rent exempt minimum in the Solana network?

Output: Transactions that leave an account's balance below the rent exempt minimum (and non-zero) will fail, rendering all accounts rent exempt.


Input: What are transaction fees?

Output: Transaction fees are the costs paid by the submitter of a transaction and collected by a validator for validating and adding the transaction data to the ledger.


Input: What is the purpose of storage rent in this design?

Output: The purpose of storage rent is to account for the costs of mid-term storage of active ledger state, which is necessary for maintaining the rotating validator set and imposes costs on both validators and the broader network.


Input: How can an account be exempt from network rent charges?

Output: An account can be exempt from network rent charges by maintaining a minimum balance with two-years worth of rent deposits secured. This reduces liquidity for the broader network and ensures continual access to the account's data.


Input: How is rent deducted from accounts that have less than two-years worth of deposited rent?

Output: Rent is deducted from accounts that have less than two-years worth of deposited rent on a per-epoch basis, in credit for the next epoch. The rate at which rent is deducted is specified in genesis, in lamports per kilobyte-year.


Input: What happens to accounts that have a balance below the rent exempt minimum?

Output: Transactions that leave an account's balance below the rent exempt minimum (and non-zero) will fail. This means that all accounts essentially become rent exempt if their balance falls below the minimum.


Input: What are the three parameters that uniquely describe the Inflation Schedule?

Output: The three parameters that uniquely describe the Inflation Schedule are the Initial Inflation Rate, Disinflation Rate, and Long-term Inflation Rate.


Input: What factors should be considered when analyzing the proposed Inflation Schedule parameters?

Output: When analyzing the proposed Inflation Schedule parameters, factors such as community discussions and initial design considerations should be taken into account.


Input: What does the upper limit on the amount of SOL issued via inflation represent?

Output: The upper limit on the amount of SOL issued via inflation represents the maximum amount of SOL that can be created through inflation, without considering other factors that may impact the Total Supply.


Input: How does the annual inflation rate change over time based on the proposed inflation parameters?

Output: The annual inflation rate changes over time based on the proposed inflation parameters, as shown in the graph provided.


Input: What is the expected Staking Yield primarily dependent on?

Output: The expected Staking Yield is primarily dependent on the percentage of total SOL staked on the network.


Input: What are the three parameters that describe the Inflation Schedule?

Output: The three parameters that describe the Inflation Schedule are the Initial Inflation Rate, Disinflation Rate, and Long-term Inflation Rate.


Input: What factors should be considered when looking at the proposed Inflation Schedule parameters?

Output: When considering the proposed Inflation Schedule parameters, factors such as community discussions and initial design considerations should be taken into account.


Input: What do the plots in the document show?

Output: The plots in the document only show the impact of inflation issuances given the parameterized Inflation Schedule. They do not account for other factors that may impact the Total Supply of tokens.


Input: What is the Solana CLI?

Output: The Solana CLI is a collection of different commands for various actions you might want to take in the Solana network.


Input: How can I view the list of all possible commands in Solana CLI?

Output: You can view the list of all possible commands by running the command: [command name].


Input: What does the usage message of a command typically contain?

Output: The usage message of a command typically contains words such as <AMOUNT>, <ACCOUNT_ADDRESS>, or <KEYPAIR>, which are placeholders for the type of text you can execute the command with.


Input: How can I replace placeholders in a command usage message?

Output: For example, you can replace <AMOUNT> with a number like 42 or 100.42, and <ACCOUNT_ADDRESS> with the base58 encoding of your public key.


Input: What should I use as the value for <KEYPAIR> depending on my wallet type?

Output: The value you should use for <KEYPAIR> depends on the type of command line wallet you created. For example, if you have a paper wallet, you would use the uri scheme prompt:// and enter your seed words when prompted.


Input: How can I set up my wallet of choice?

Output: Please make sure you've read through all the relevant pages in our Wallet Guide. The Solana team is working hard to support new features on popular wallets.


Input: Where can I find technical support for my wallet?

Output: For technical support, please ask a question on StackOverflow and tag your questions with solana.


Input: What should I do if I have questions after reading the documents?

Output: If you have questions after reading the docs, feel free to reach out to us on our Telegram.


Input: How often are the documents updated with the latest available features?

Output: We do our best to keep our documents up to date with the latest available features.


Input: What can I do if I'm having trouble using my wallet?

Output: If you are having trouble setting up or using your wallet of choice, please make sure you've read through all the relevant pages in our Wallet Guide.


Input: How can I install the Solana tools on my computer?

Output: There are multiple ways to install the Solana tools on your computer, depending on your preferred workflow.


Input: What is the latest release version of Solana?

Output: The latest release version of Solana is v1.17.1.


Input: Can I manually download and install the Solana binaries instead of using solana-install?

Output: Yes, if you prefer not to use solana-install, you can manually download and install the binaries.


Input: How can I confirm the version of solana installed on my computer?

Output: You can confirm the version of solana installed on your computer by entering a specific command.


Input: Is it possible to build Solana from source?

Output: Yes, if you are unable to use the prebuilt binaries or prefer to build it yourself, you can download the source code and build the binaries.


Input: What is off-chain message signing?

Output: Off-chain message signing is a method of signing non-transaction messages with a Solana wallet, which can be used to authenticate users or provide proof of wallet ownership.


Input: How can I sign an arbitrary off-chain message?

Output: To sign an arbitrary off-chain message, you can run the command provided in the document, and the message will be encoded and signed with the CLI's default private key.


Input: Can I sign an off-chain message with another key?

Output: Yes, you can sign an off-chain message with another key by using the -k/--keypair option followed by the desired key.


Input: What is the difference between a stock and a bond?

Output: Stocks represent ownership in a company, while bonds represent a loan made to a company or government entity.


Input: How does diversification help reduce investment risk?

Output: Diversification involves spreading investments across different assets to lower the impact of any single investment's performance on the overall portfolio.


Input: What is the purpose of asset allocation in investment planning?

Output: Asset allocation refers to dividing investments among different asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, and cash, to optimize returns based on an individual's risk tolerance and investment goals.


Input: What are the advantages of investing in index funds?

Output: Index funds offer broad market exposure, low fees, and potential tax efficiency by tracking a specific market index rather than relying on active management.


Input: How does compounding interest affect long-term investments?

Output: Compounding interest allows investments to grow exponentially over time as both the initial investment and the accumulated interest generate further returns.


Input: What are durable nonces in finance?

Output: Durable nonces are a mechanism for getting around the short lifetime of a transaction's recent_blockhash.


Input: How are durable nonces implemented?

Output: Durable nonces are implemented as a Solana Program, the mechanics of which can be read about in the proposal.


Input: What is the purpose of assigning authority over a nonce account to another account?

Output: Assigning authority over a nonce account to another account allows the new authority to inherit full control over the nonce account, including the account creator.


Input: How are durable nonce accounts created?

Output: Durable nonce accounts are created by first generating a new keypair, then creating the account on chain.


Input: How can the stored nonce value be obtained?

Output: The stored nonce value can be obtained with the command "getNonce".


Input: What is the purpose of keeping signing keys separate from transaction creation and network broadcast?

Output: Keeping signing keys separate provides an added layer of security as it prevents unauthorized access to the keys and reduces the risk of fraudulent transactions.


Input: How can I sign a transaction offline using Solana's CLI?

Output: To sign a transaction offline using Solana's CLI, you need to pass the necessary arguments on the command line, including the absent signer's public key for each role.


Input: Can offline signing take place over multiple sessions?

Output: Yes, offline signing can take place over multiple sessions. In such cases, you need to pass the absent signer's public key for each role and any pubkeys that were specified but did not generate a signature will be listed as absent in the offline signing output.


Input: What is the time limit for a Solana transaction to be signed and accepted by the network?

Output: Typically, a Solana transaction must be signed and accepted by the network within a number of slots from the blockhash in its recent_blockhash field, which is approximately 1 minute at the time of writing.


Input: How can a Durable Transaction Nonce help if my signing procedure takes longer than the required time limit?

Output: A Durable Transaction Nonce can provide extra time for your signing procedure. It allows you to extend the time limit for signing a transaction, giving you the flexibility you need.


Input: How can developers deploy on-chain programs with Solana?

Output: Developers can deploy on-chain programs with Solana using the Solana tools.


Input: What is the purpose of the intro to Solana programs?

Output: The intro to Solana programs provides an overview and introduction to developing and executing programs on Solana.


Input: How can anyone execute a deployed program on Solana?

Output: Anyone can execute a deployed program on Solana by sending transactions that reference it to the cluster.


Input: What is the function of the program id in program deployment?

Output: The program id is returned after a successful deployment and serves as the unique identifier for the deployed program.


Input: How can a program be redeployed to the same address?

Output: A program can be redeployed to the same address to facilitate rapid development, bug fixes, or upgrades.


Input: What is staking in the context of Solana?

Output: Staking refers to the process of delegating tokens to a validator in order to participate in the network's consensus mechanism and earn rewards.


Input: How are validators rewarded in Solana?

Output: Validators in Solana are rewarded with newly generated SOL tokens periodically based on the amount of stake delegated to them.


Input: How can I delegate stake to multiple validators?

Output: To delegate stake to multiple validators, you will need to create multiple stake accounts and manage the addresses associated with each account.


Input: How can I find the vote account address of a validator in Solana?

Output: You can find the vote account address of a validator by querying the cluster for the list of all validators and their vote accounts using the solana validators command.


Input: Can I transfer tokens from an existing stake account to a new one?

Output: Yes, you can transfer tokens from an existing stake account to a new one using the solana split-stake command.


Input: How do I receive and send SOL tokens using command line tools?

Output: To receive and send SOL tokens using command line tools, you need to have a wallet with its address (pubkey) and signing keypair.


Input: What is the purpose of creating a second wallet in addition to my first wallet?

Output: Creating a second wallet allows you to transfer tokens to it and confirm that you can send and receive tokens on your chosen wallet type.


Input: How can I confirm if an airdrop was successful?

Output: You can confirm if an airdrop was successful by checking the balance of the recipient's account. It should output the expected amount of tokens.


Input: What is the purpose of creating a second keypair?

Output: Creating a second keypair allows you to have a new address to receive your tokens.


Input: How can I prove that I own the airdropped tokens?

Output: You can prove that you own the airdropped tokens by transferring them using the private keypair corresponding to the sender's public key in the transaction.


Input: How can I check what cluster the Solana command-line tool is currently targeting?

Output: You can check the currently targeted cluster by running the command "solana config set".


Input: Is it necessary to set a cluster target in the Solana command-line tool?

Output: While not strictly necessary, setting a cluster target allows future subcommands to send/receive information from that specific cluster.


Input: What should be the version compatibility between the locally-installed CLI and the cluster version?

Output: It is recommended to ensure that the local CLI version is greater than or equal to the cluster version for optimal functionality.


Input: How can I determine the locally-installed CLI version?

Output: To get the locally-installed CLI version, you can run a command to retrieve it.


Input: Where can I find general information about the available clusters in Solana?

Output: You can find general information about the available clusters in Solana by referring to the "Solana Clusters" section.


Input: What is the Solana CLI?

Output: The Solana CLI is a collection of different commands for various actions in the Solana network.


Input: How can I view the list of all possible commands in the Solana CLI?

Output: You can view the list of all possible commands by running a specific command in the CLI.


Input: How can I learn more about a particular command in the Solana CLI?

Output: To learn more about a particular command, you can run a specific command in the CLI and replace "<COMMAND>" with the name of the command you want to know more about.


Input: What are the placeholders used in the command's usage message?

Output: The placeholders used in the command's usage message, such as "<AMOUNT>", "<ACCOUNT_ADDRESS>", or "<KEYPAIR>", are placeholders for the type of text you can use when executing the command.


Input: How can I display a wallet's address in the Solana CLI?

Output: To display a wallet's address (also known as the keypair's pubkey), you can follow a specific command mentioned in the CLI help document.


Input: How can I set up my wallet for Solana?

Output: To set up your wallet for Solana, please refer to the relevant pages in our Wallet Guide. If you have any further questions, feel free to reach out to us on our Telegram.


Input: What are some popular wallets that support Solana?

Output: Some popular wallets that support Solana include Trust Wallet, Sollet.io, and Ledger Live. Make sure to check our documents for the latest available features on these wallets.


Input: How can I reach out for technical support regarding Solana?

Output: For technical support regarding Solana, we recommend asking a question on StackOverflow and tagging your question with "solana". This will help the community and experts provide you with the necessary assistance.


Input: Are there any additional features being developed for popular wallets to support Solana?

Output: Yes, the Solana team is actively working on supporting new features on popular wallets. We strive to keep our documents up to date with the latest available features, so make sure to check them regularly.


Input: What should I do if I have questions after reading the wallet guide?

Output: If you have any questions after reading the wallet guide, please don't hesitate to reach out to us on our Telegram. We are here to help and provide further clarification.


Input: What are the different ways to install Solana tools on my computer?

Output: There are multiple ways to install Solana tools on your computer, depending on your preferred workflow.


Input: How can I install the Solana release on my machine?

Output: You can install the Solana release on your machine by running the command provided in the documentation.


Input: What are the three symbolic channel names I can use when installing Solana?

Output: The three symbolic channel names you can use when installing Solana are stable, beta, and edge.


Input: Is there an alternative to using solana-install to manage the install?

Output: Yes, if you prefer not to use solana-install, you can manually download and install the binaries for Solana.


Input: How can I obtain the same result as with prebuilt binaries if I prefer to build Solana from source?

Output: If you prefer to build Solana from source, you can navigate to the Solana GitHub page, download the source code archive, and build the binaries yourself.


Input: What is off-chain message signing?

Output: Off-chain message signing is a method of signing non-transaction messages with a Solana wallet to authenticate users or provide proof of wallet ownership.


Input: How can off-chain message signing be used?

Output: Off-chain message signing can be used to authenticate users or provide proof of wallet ownership.


Input: How do I sign an arbitrary off-chain message?

Output: To sign an arbitrary off-chain message, you can run the command provided in the document.


Input: Can I sign an off-chain message with another key?

Output: Yes, you can sign an off-chain message with another key by using the -k/--keypair option.


Input: How can I verify the off-chain message signature?

Output: To verify the off-chain message signature, you can run the command provided in the document.


Input: What is the difference between stocks and bonds?

Output: Stocks represent ownership in a company, while bonds are a form of debt that companies or governments issue to raise capital.


Input: How does diversification help reduce risk in a portfolio?

Output: Diversification involves spreading investments across different asset classes, sectors, and regions to minimize the impact of any single investment's performance on the overall portfolio.


Input: Can you explain the concept of compound interest?

Output: Compound interest is the interest earned on both the initial amount of money invested (principal) and the accumulated interest from previous periods. Over time, compound interest can significantly increase the value of an investment.


Input: What is the purpose of a retirement account?

Output: A retirement account is designed to help individuals save and invest for their retirement years. It offers tax advantages and typically has restrictions on when funds can be withdrawn without penalty.


Input: How does inflation impact purchasing power?

Output: Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money over time. As prices rise, the same amount of money can buy fewer goods and services, reducing its value.


Input: What is the purpose of durable nonces in finance?

Output: Durable nonces are used as a mechanism to extend the lifetime of a transaction's recent_blockhash, allowing for more complex account ownership arrangements and derived account addresses.


Input: How are durable nonces implemented?

Output: Durable nonces are implemented as a Solana Program, which can be read about in the proposal. Full usage details for durable nonce CLI commands can be found in the CLI reference.


Input: Can authority over a nonce account be assigned to another account?

Output: Yes, authority over a nonce account can optionally be assigned to another account. In doing so, the new authority inherits full control over the nonce account from the previous authority, including the account creator.


Input: What is the purpose of keeping signing keys separate from transaction creation and network broadcast?

Output: Keeping signing keys separate from transaction creation and network broadcast enhances security by reducing the risk of unauthorized access or tampering with transactions.


Input: How can I sign a transaction offline using Solana's CLI?

Output: To sign a transaction offline using Solana's CLI, you can pass the necessary arguments on the command line.


Input: Can offline signing take place over multiple sessions?

Output: Yes, offline signing can take place over multiple sessions. In this scenario, you would pass the absent signer's public key for each role.


Input: What happens if a signature is not generated for a specified public key during offline signing?

Output: If no signature is generated for a specified public key during offline signing, that public key will be listed as absent in the offline signing output.


Input: How long does a Solana transaction typically need to be signed and accepted by the network?

Output: Typically, a Solana transaction must be signed and accepted by the network within a number of slots from the blockhash in its recent_blockhash field, which is approximately 1 minute at the time of writing.


Input: How can developers deploy on-chain programs with Solana tools?

Output: Developers can deploy on-chain programs with Solana tools by using the on-chain loader to interact with the cluster.


Input: What is the purpose of deploying a program with Solana tools?

Output: The purpose of deploying a program with Solana tools is to make it available for execution by anyone through transactions referencing it to the cluster.


Input: What do I need to deploy a program using Solana tools?

Output: To deploy a program using Solana tools, you will need the location of the program's shared object (the program binary .so).


Input: Can a program be redeployed to the same address?

Output: Yes, a program can be redeployed to the same address to facilitate rapid development, bug fixes, or upgrades.


Input: How can I close a program or buffer account and transfer its lamport balances?

Output: To close a program or buffer account and transfer its lamport balances to a recipient's account, the authority of the account must be present.


Input: What is staking in the context of finance?

Output: Staking is the process of holding and validating cryptocurrency tokens in a stake account to support the operations and security of a blockchain network.


Input: How do validators gain influence in determining the next valid block of transactions in a blockchain?

Output: Validators gain influence based on the amount of stake delegated to them. The more stake delegated, the more influence they have in the consensus process.


Input: How are rewards earned in staking?

Output: Rewards are earned based on the amount of stake delegated. The more stake delegated, the higher the rewards earned through staking.


Input: What is the purpose of a keypair in creating a stake account?

Output: A keypair is needed to create a stake account and acts as the public key or address for the account. It is used for performing actions on the stake account.


Input: Can stake be delegated to multiple validators?

Output: Yes, stake can be delegated to multiple validators. However, it requires creating multiple stake accounts and managing multiple addresses.


Input: How can I receive and send SOL tokens using command line tools?

Output: You can receive and send SOL tokens using a command line wallet such as a paper wallet, a file system wallet, or a hardware wallet.


Input: What do I need before I begin sending and receiving tokens?

Output: Before you begin, make sure you have created a wallet and have access to its address (pubkey) and the signing keypair.


Input: How can I confirm the success of an airdrop?

Output: You can confirm the success of an airdrop by checking the balance of the address. It should output 1 SOL if the airdrop was successful.


Input: How can I create a second wallet to receive tokens?

Output: To create a second wallet to receive tokens, you can create a new address by generating a second keypair and copying the address provided.


Input: How can I prove that I own the airdropped tokens before transferring them?

Output: To prove that you own the airdropped tokens, you need to sign the transaction with the private keypair corresponding to the sender's public key in the transaction.


Input: How can I check what cluster the Solana command-line tool is currently targeting?

Output: You can check the currently targeted cluster by running the command "solana config set".


Input: Is it necessary for the CLI version to match the software version running on the cluster?

Output: While not strictly necessary, the CLI generally works best when its version matches the software version on the cluster.


Input: How can I get the locally-installed CLI version?

Output: To get the locally-installed CLI version, you can run the command "solana --version".


Input: What should be the relationship between the local CLI version and the cluster version?

Output: It is recommended to ensure that the local CLI version is greater than or equal to the cluster version.


Input: How can I target a particular cluster using the Solana config set command?

Output: You can target a specific cluster by using the command "solana config set" followed by the cluster you want to target.


Input: What is the Solana CLI?

Output: The Solana CLI is a collection of different commands for various actions you might want to take in Solana.


Input: How can I view the list of all possible commands in Solana CLI?

Output: You can view the list of all possible commands by running a specific command in the CLI.


Input: How can I learn more about a particular command in Solana CLI?

Output: To learn more about a particular command, you can run a command that provides usage instructions for that specific command.


Input: What are the placeholders used in the command's usage message?

Output: The placeholders used in the command's usage message, such as <AMOUNT>, <ACCOUNT_ADDRESS>, or <KEYPAIR>, are placeholders for the type of text you can execute the command with.


Input: How can I replace the placeholders in the command's usage message?

Output: You can replace the placeholders in the command's usage message with relevant information, such as replacing <AMOUNT> with a specific number or <ACCOUNT_ADDRESS> with your actual public key.


Input: How can I set up my wallet of choice?

Output: To set up your wallet of choice, please read through the relevant pages in our Wallet Guide. If you have any further questions, feel free to reach out to us on our Telegram.


Input: Are there any new features being added to popular wallets?

Output: Yes, the Solana team is working hard to support new features on popular wallets. We strive to keep our documents up to date with the latest available features.


Input: Where can I find technical support for my wallet?

Output: For technical support, you can ask a question on StackOverflow and tag your questions with "solana". This will help you get the necessary assistance.


Input: What should I do if I have questions after reading the docs?

Output: If you have questions after reading the docs, feel free to reach out to us on our Telegram. We are here to help and address any concerns you may have.


Input: How can I ensure I am using my wallet correctly?

Output: If you have any trouble setting up or using your wallet of choice, please make sure you've read through all the relevant pages in our Wallet Guide. It provides detailed instructions to ensure you are using your wallet correctly.


Input: What are the different ways to install Solana tools on my computer?

Output: There are multiple ways to install Solana tools, including using the Solana release, manually downloading and installing the binaries, or building it yourself from source.


Input: How can I install the Solana release on my machine?

Output: You can install the Solana release by running the command provided in the documentation, replacing the version with the desired release tag or using one of the three symbolic channel names: stable, beta, or edge.


Input: Is there an alternative to using solana-install to manage the install?

Output: Yes, if you prefer not to use solana-install, you can manually download and install the binaries by following the instructions provided in the documentation.


Input: How can I download and extract the binaries for Solana on Linux?

Output: To download and extract the binaries for Solana on Linux, you can navigate to the Solana releases page on GitHub, download the appropriate tar.bz2 file, and then extract the archive.


Input: What should I do if I want to build Solana from source?

Output: If you are unable to use the prebuilt binaries or prefer to build Solana yourself from source, you can navigate to the Solana releases page on GitHub, download the Source Code archive, and then follow the instructions provided to build the binaries.


Input: How can I create a paper wallet using Solana CLI tools?

Output: You can generate a new seed phrase and derive a keypair from it using the solana-keygen tool.


Input: What should I do to securely store my seed phrase and passphrase?

Output: It is important to keep your seed phrase and passphrase stored safely in order to access your account. Consider using offline storage or a secure password manager.


Input: How can I check the balance of an account associated with a public key?

Output: To check the balance, you can use the solana-cli tool and provide the public key of the account as input.


Input: Can I derive child keys from my seed phrase and passphrase?

Output: Yes, you can derive child keys by supplying the appropriate query string with the solana-cli tool. This allows for hierarchical derivation of private keys.


Input: Is it possible to verify that I control the private key of a paper wallet address?

Output: Yes, you can use the solana-keygen verify command and provide the wallet address along with the seed phrase to verify control of the private key.


Input: How can multiple wallet addresses be useful in managing my finances?

Output: Multiple wallet addresses can be useful for transferring tokens between different accounts for various purposes, such as separating personal and business transactions or organizing investments.


Input: Are there any advantages to having multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Yes, having multiple wallet addresses can provide increased privacy and security as it makes it harder for others to trace your transactions or identify your total holdings.


Input: Where can I find assistance with managing my wallet addresses?

Output: You can find help and support regarding wallet addresses on our Wallet Support Page, which offers various resources and guidance on managing and using multiple addresses effectively.


Input: Can I transfer tokens between my own accounts using multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Yes, you can transfer tokens between your different accounts by utilizing multiple wallet addresses. This allows you to easily manage and track your transactions while maintaining separate balances for different purposes.


Input: What are some reasons why I might want to transfer tokens between my own accounts?

Output: Transferring tokens between your own accounts can be beneficial for purposes such as diversifying investments, separating personal and business expenses, or allocating funds for specific projects or goals.


Input: How can I create a paper wallet using the Solana CLI tools?

Output: You can generate a new seed phrase and derive a keypair from it using the solana-keygen tool.


Input: What should I do to securely store my seed phrase and passphrase?

Output: It is important to keep your seed phrase and passphrase stored safely to prevent unauthorized access.


Input: Can I use the same seed phrase with different passphrases to generate multiple keypairs?

Output: Yes, each unique passphrase used with the same seed phrase will result in a different keypair.


Input: How can I check the balance of an account associated with a public key?

Output: You can use the solana-cli tool to check the balance by providing the public key associated with the account.


Input: Is it possible to create multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Yes, you can create as many wallet addresses as you like by following the steps for seed phrase generation or public key derivation.


Input: Why would having multiple wallet addresses be useful?

Output: Having multiple wallet addresses can be useful if you want to transfer tokens between your own accounts for different purposes.


Input: Where can I find assistance for my wallet?

Output: You can check out our Wallet Support Page for ways to get help with your wallet.


Input: What is the purpose of a wallet address?

Output: A wallet address is used to receive, store, and send digital currencies or tokens.


Input: Can I transfer tokens between my own accounts using multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Yes, you can transfer tokens between your own accounts by using multiple wallet addresses.


Input: How can I transfer tokens between my different accounts?

Output: You can transfer tokens between your different accounts by using multiple wallet addresses.


Input: How can I securely create a paper wallet?

Output: The document describes how to create and use a paper wallet with the Solana CLI tools, but it's important to research the security concerns carefully.


Input: Can I generate new seed phrases and derive a keypair from an existing seed phrase?

Output: Yes, using the solana-keygen tool, you can generate new seed phrases and derive a keypair from an existing seed phrase and passphrase.


Input: What should I do to protect against a private key being written to disk?

Output: Solana provides a key generation tool that allows you to run commands without ever saving a keypair to disk on a machine, but it is still the user's responsibility to protect against private keys being written to disk by unencrypted memory swaps.


Input: How can I check the balance of an account associated with a public key?

Output: To check the balance of an account, you can use the solana-cli tool and supply the public key associated with the account.


Input: Can I create multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Yes, you can create as many wallet addresses as you like by re-running the steps for seed phrase generation or public key derivation.


Input: How can multiple wallet addresses be useful in managing my accounts?

Output: Multiple wallet addresses can be useful for transferring tokens between your own accounts for different purposes, such as separating personal and business transactions or organizing investments.


Input: What is the purpose of the Wallet Support Page?

Output: The Wallet Support Page provides assistance and guidance on various ways to get help regarding wallet-related issues or inquiries.


Input: Can you provide examples of different purposes for using multiple wallet addresses?

Output: Some examples of different purposes for using multiple wallet addresses include segregating funds for different investments, managing personal and business transactions separately, or maintaining privacy and security.


Input: How can I transfer tokens between my own accounts using multiple wallet addresses?

Output: To transfer tokens between your own accounts using multiple wallet addresses, you can initiate a transaction from one wallet address to another by following the appropriate steps provided on our Wallet Support Page.


Input: Where can I find information on how to get help with wallet-related matters?

Output: You can find information on how to get help with wallet-related matters by visiting our Wallet Support Page, which offers various resources and assistance options.


Input: How can I create a paper wallet using Solana CLI tools?

Output: You can generate a new seed phrase and derive a keypair from it using the solana-keygen tool.


Input: What should I do to securely store my seed phrase and passphrase for my paper wallet?

Output: It is important to keep your seed phrase and passphrase stored safely, as they are the keys to accessing your account.


Input: How can I check the balance of the account associated with a public key?

Output: You can use the solana-cli tool to check the balance by running a specific command with the public key as input.