[User] What algorithm does Meteora use to find optimal yield allocations based on APR?

[Assistant]
Meteora uses an algorithm that simulates deposits in various lending platforms to find optimal yield allocations based on the Annual Percentage Rate (APR). Here’s a detailed breakdown of the algorithm:

1. **Liquidity Division**: The total liquidity is divided into small portions. The size of these portions is defined by a variable `x`, which is set by the admin and is minimally 100 (lines 1-2).

2. **Simulation of Deposits**: For each portion, the algorithm simulates deposits across all lending platforms. It then compares the APR after each simulated deposit (lines 4-8).

3. **Selection of Optimal Platform**: After simulating the deposits, the algorithm identifies the platform that offers the highest APR for that specific portion. It updates the deposit amount on the selected platform in the simulation (lines 10-12).

4. **Iteration**: This process is repeated until 100% of the total liquidity is deposited in the simulation, allowing the algorithm to find the most optimized yield allocations while considering the changing APR values with each deposit and withdrawal (lines 5-12).

5. **Rebalancing**: If the latest allocation differs from the previous allocation by more than 0.1%, a rebalance crank is triggered to adjust the deposits or withdrawals in the lending protocols according to the latest optimal allocation (lines 14-16).

This systematic approach allows Meteora to dynamically adjust to the best yield opportunities based on real-time APR changes across different lending platforms.

design for finding optimal yield allocations and the risk factors it helps to mitigate. Hermes contains the necessary program logic (monitoring and tracking of the lending pools) of the operator.

Annual Percentage Rate (APR) of lendings depends on a few factors: amount borrowed, amount deposited, interest rate model. The higher the amount borrowed, the higher the APR. When funds are deposited into a lending pool, borrowing interest will be shared amongst depositors, resulting in the decrease of deposit APR.

The algorithm to search for optimal yield allocations begins by breaking liquidity to small portions (lines1-2). For each portion, we simulate deposits in all lending platforms and compare the APR after the simulated deposit (lines 4-8). We will then pick the platform with the highest APR for this portion and update the deposit amount on the platform in the simulation (lines 10-12). We repeat this until 100% of total liquidity is deposited in the simulation to find the optimum allocation (lines 5-12). By doing so, we are able to find the most optimized yield allocations amongst the changing APR values with each deposit and withdrawal.

If the latest allocation differs from the last allocation by more than 0.1%, a rebalance crank is sent to withdraw or deposit into the lending protocols according to the latest allocation (lines 14-16).

Copy
#Off chain simulation
1: portion ← x #x is minimally 100, set by admin
2: deposit_amount ← vault.total_amount / portion
3: last_al


[User] What should you do if an LP already exists on Raydium for an OpenBook market ID?

[Assistant] If an LP (Liquidity Pool) already exists on Raydium for a specific OpenBook market ID, you cannot use that ID to create a new LP. In this case, you should look for a different OpenBook market ID that does not have an existing LP on Raydium. This ensures that you can successfully create a new liquidity pool without conflicts.

 be 0.0000001, and so on. This is helpful for tokens with very low prices.

Do not create an OpenBook market with a Minimum Order Size or Tick Size of 0 (Zero). The AMM will accept all other values. You can decrease the amount of rent (SOL) required to create an OpenBook Market by adjusting with these values or using https://serum-explorer.vercel.app/market/create

In general, follow these guidelines when creating an OpenBook Market.

Min Order
Tick
0.1

0.00001

1

0.000001

10

0.0000001

100

0.00000001

1,000

0.000000001

10,000

0.0000000001

100,000

0.00000000001

1,000,000

0.000000000001

10,000,000

0.0000000000001

100,000,000

0.00000000000001

1,000,000,000

0.000000000000001

10,000,000,000

0.0000000000000001

100,000,000,000

0.00000000000000001

2. Once you've created the market on OpenBook, go to the liquidity page on Raydium. Scroll down and click the "Create Pool" button at the bottom.

3. On the create pool page, input the market ID from OpenBook, then click 'Confirm'.

If an LP already exists on Raydium for an OpenBook market ID, that ID can not be used to create a new LP.

4. Starting Price, Initial Liquidity and Start time:

Set the Base Token starting price: This is the number of Quote Tokens needed to purchase 1 Base Token.

Set Base and Quote token initial liquidity: You can enter one side of initial liquidity and the other side will be calculated according to the Base Token starting price.

Set the start date and time that you want your pool t


[User] What is the purpose of the 'id' field in the JSON-RPC request for Alchemy, and what is its default value?

[Assistant]
The 'id' field in the JSON-RPC request for Alchemy serves as a unique identifier for the request. It allows clients to match responses with their corresponding requests, which is particularly useful when multiple requests are made in parallel.

The default value for the 'id' field is 1.

Here is an example of how it is used in a JSON-RPC request:

```json
{
  "id": 1,
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "method": "getBlockHeight"
}
```

0
method
string
Defaults to getBlockHeight
getBlockHeight
params
array of objects

ADD object

curl --request POST \
     --url https://solana-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/docs-demo \
     --header 'accept: application/json' \
     --header 'content-type: application/json' \
     --data '
{
  "id": 1,
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "method": "getBlockHeight"
}
'

Response

200
Response body
object
id
integer
jsonrpc
string
result
integer
A slot integer denoting the target block number.

getRecentBlockhash
post
https://{network}.g.alchemy.com/v2/{apiKey}
Returns a recent block hash from the ledger, and a fee schedule that can be used to compute the cost of submitting a transaction using it.

🚧
Please note that this method is deprecated. For a similar method, you can use getLatestBlockhash

Path Params
apiKey
string
required
Defaults to docs-demo
For higher throughput, create your own API key

docs-demo
Body Params
id
integer
Defaults to 1
1
jsonrpc
string
Defaults to 2.0
2.0
method
string
Defaults to getRecentBlockhash
getRecentBlockhash
params
array of objects

object

commitment
string
Defaults to finalized
The level of commitment desired for the query. Options include:

finalized: The node will request the latest block that has been confirmed by the majority of the cluster as having achieved full lockout, indicating that the cluster has acknowledged this block as finalized.
confirmed: The node will request the latest block which has received votes from the vast majority of the cluster.


[User] What is the significance of the 'useNonFlaggedFloorAsk' parameter in the context of Magic Eden?

[Assistant]
The `useNonFlaggedFloorAsk` parameter in the context of Magic Eden is a boolean option that, when set to true, will return the collection's non-flagged floor ask price. This means that if there are any floor asks that have been flagged for some reason (such as being marked as spam), those will be excluded from the response, and only the non-flagged floor asks will be considered.

By default, this parameter is set to false, which means that flagged floor asks may be included in the response. This can be particularly useful for users who want to ensure they are viewing only legitimate and unflagged offers when assessing the floor price of a collection.

Here is an example of how you might include this parameter in a request:

```bash
curl --request GET \
  --url 'https://api-mainnet.magiceden.dev/v3/rtp/ethereum/users/user/tokens/v7?useNonFlaggedFloorAsk=true'
```

In this example, setting `useNonFlaggedFloorAsk` to true would ensure that the response contains only the non-flagged floor ask prices for the specified user's tokens.

lValue is the value of the last sale.

acquiredAt
sortDirection
string
Defaults to desc
Order the items are returned in the response.

desc
continuation
string
Use continuation token to request next offset of items.

limit
integer
1 to 200
Defaults to 20
Amount of items returned in response. Max limit is 200.

20
includeTopBid
boolean
Defaults to false
If true, top bid will be returned in the response.

false
includeAttributes
boolean
Defaults to false
If true, attributes will be returned in the response.

false
includeLastSale
boolean
Defaults to false
If true, last sale data including royalties paid will be returned in the response.

false
includeRawData
boolean
Defaults to false
If true, raw data is included in the response.

false
filterSpamTokens
boolean
Defaults to false
If true, will filter any tokens marked as spam.

false
useNonFlaggedFloorAsk
boolean
Defaults to false
If true, will return the collection non flagged floor ask.

false
displayCurrency
string
Input any ERC20 address to return result in given currency. Applies to topBid and floorAsk.

Response

200
Successful

Updated 10 months ago

Tokens
Orders
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Bearer YOUR_API_KEY

URL

https://api-mainnet.magiceden.dev/v3/rtp
/{chain}/users/{user}/tokens/v7
1
curl --request GET \
2
     --url 'https://api-mainnet.magiceden.dev/v3/rtp/ethereum/users/user/tokens/v7?normalizeRoyalties=false&sortBy=acquiredAt&sortDirection=desc&lim


[User] What library does Solana use for buffer layout and type conversions?

[Assistant] Solana uses the `@solana/buffer-layout` library for buffer layout and type conversions between Rust and JavaScript. This library provides utilities to define the structure of binary data and helps with encoding and decoding data formats that are used in Solana's instructions.

eNonceAccount,
    /** 5 **/WithdrawNonceAccount(u64),
    /** 6 **/InitializeNonceAccount(Pubkey),
    /** 7 **/AuthorizeNonceAccount(Pubkey),
    /** 8 **/Allocate {/**/},
    /** 9 **/AllocateWithSeed {/**/},
    /** 10 **/AssignWithSeed {/**/},
    /** 11 **/TransferWithSeed {/**/},
    /** 12 **/UpgradeNonceAccount,
}

Next up is u32('instruction').

{
  index: 8,
  layout: struct([
    u32('instruction'), /* <-- */
    ns64('space'),
  ])
}

The layout in the allocate struct must always have u32('instruction') first when you are using it to call an instruction.

{
  index: 8,
  layout: struct([
    u32('instruction'),
    ns64('space'), /* <-- */
  ])
}

ns64('space') is the argument for the allocate function. You can see in the original allocate function in Rust that space was of the type u64. u64 is an unsigned 64bit integer. Javascript by default only provides up to 53bit integers. ns64 comes from @solana/buffer-layout to help with type conversions between Rust and Javascript. You can find more type conversions between Rust and Javascript at solana-labs/buffer-layout.

let data = Buffer.alloc(allocateStruct.layout.span);
let layoutFields = Object.assign({ instruction: allocateStruct.index }, params);
allocateStruct.layout.encode(layoutFields, data);

Using the previously created bufferLayout, we can allocate a data buffer. We then assign our params { space: 100 } so that it maps correctly to the layout, and encode it to the data buffer. Now the data is ready to be se


[User] What happens to the compute budget in Solana during cross-program invocations?

[Assistant]
During cross-program invocations in Solana, the instruction that is invoked inherits the compute budget and limits of its parent instruction. If the invoked instruction consumes the remaining compute budget of the transaction or exceeds a specified limit, the entire invocation chain, along with the top-level transaction processing, is halted.

This means that careful management of compute units is necessary, especially in complex transactions that involve multiple cross-program invocations (CPIs). If a parent instruction has a limited compute budget, it can affect the execution of all subsequent instructions that are invoked within that transaction.

For more details about compute units and their limits, you can refer to the Solana runtime's ComputeBudget documentation.

tographic operations
Info
For cross-program invocations, the instruction invoked inherits the compute budget and limits of their parent. If an invoked instruction consumes the transaction's remaining budget, or exceeds a bound, the entire invocation chain and the top level transaction processing are halted.

You can find more details about all the operations that consume compute units within the Solana runtime's ComputeBudget.

Compute unit limit #
Each transaction has a maximum number of compute units (CU) it can consume called the "compute unit limit". Per transaction, the Solana runtime has an absolute max compute unit limit of 1.4 million CU and sets a default requested max limit of 200k CU per instruction.

A transaction can request a more specific and optimal compute unit limit by including a single SetComputeUnitLimit instruction. Either a higher or lower limit. But it may never request higher than the absolute max limit per transaction.

While a transaction's default compute unit limit will work in most cases for simple transactions, they are often less than optimal (both for the runtime and the user). For more complex transactions, like invoking programs that perform multiple CPIs, you may need to request a higher compute unit limit for the transaction.

Requesting the optimal compute unit limits for your transaction is essential to help you pay less for your transaction and to help schedule your transaction better on the network. Wallets, dApps, and other services s


[User] Can you explain the difference between persistent cookies and session cookies as used by DexScreener?

[Assistant]
Based on the documentation provided, the difference between persistent cookies and session cookies is as follows:

1. **Persistent Cookies**: These are cookies that remain on your device for a specified period or until you manually delete them. They are used to remember your preferences or actions across multiple sessions on the Service. This means that when you return to the Service, the persistent cookie can help provide a more personalized experience.

2. **Session Cookies**: These cookies are temporary and are deleted once you close your browser. They are used to track your activity during a single session on the Service. Session cookies help maintain the state of your interaction with the Service while you are navigating through it.

In summary, persistent cookies are used for long-term storage of user preferences, while session cookies are used for short-term tracking of user activity during a single browsing session.

ss of Your mobile device, Your mobile operating system, the type of mobile Internet browser You use, unique device identifiers and other diagnostic data.

We may also collect information that Your browser sends whenever You visit our Service or when You access the Service by or through a mobile device.

Tracking Technologies and Cookies
We use Cookies and similar tracking technologies to track the activity on Our Service and store certain information. Tracking technologies used are beacons, tags, and scripts to collect and track information and to improve and analyze Our Service. The technologies We use may include:

Cookies or Browser Cookies. A cookie is a small file placed on Your Device. You can instruct Your browser to refuse all Cookies or to indicate when a Cookie is being sent. However, if You do not accept Cookies, You may not be able to use some parts of our Service. Unless you have adjusted Your browser setting so that it will refuse Cookies, our Service may use Cookies.

Web Beacons. Certain sections of our Service and our emails may contain small electronic files known as web beacons (also referred to as clear gifs, pixel tags, and single-pixel gifs) that permit the Company, for example, to count users who have visited those pages or opened an email and for other related website statistics (for example, recording the popularity of a certain section and verifying system and server integrity).

Cookies can be "Persistent" or "Session" Cookies. Persistent Cookies re


[User] What does the Account<'info, MessageAccount> type represent in the Delete struct for Solana?

[Assistant]
In the `Delete` struct for Solana, the type `Account<'info, MessageAccount>` represents an account that is associated with the `MessageAccount` data structure. Here’s a breakdown of its components:

1. **Account<'info, MessageAccount>**: This type is a generic account type provided by the Solana program library. It is used to define accounts that hold specific data structures.

2. **'info**: This is a lifetime parameter that indicates the scope of the account's data. It ensures that the account data is valid for the duration of the instruction being executed.

3. **MessageAccount**: This is a custom data structure that you would have defined elsewhere in your program. It typically contains the data relevant to the message being managed by the program, such as the content of the message, timestamps, or any other relevant metadata.

In the context of the `Delete` struct, the `message_account` field is marked as mutable (`mut`) and is used to represent the account that is being closed when the delete instruction is executed. The constraints applied to this account (like `seeds`, `bump`, and `close`) ensure that it is the correct account associated with the user and that it can be safely closed, transferring any lamports back to the user.

Here’s a snippet from the `Delete` struct for clarity:

```rust
#[account(
    mut,
    seeds = [b"message", user.key().as_ref()],
    bump = message_account.bump,
    close = user,
)]
pub message_account: Account<'info, MessageAccount>,
```

This indicates that the `message_account` must be mutable, is derived from the specified seeds, and will be closed with the lamports transferred to the `user` account.

ete instruction to close the MessageAccount.

Update the Delete struct with the following:

lib.rs
#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Delete<'info> {
    #[account(mut)]
    pub user: Signer<'info>,

    #[account(
        mut,
        seeds = [b"message", user.key().as_ref()],
        bump = message_account.bump,
        close= user,
    )]
    pub message_account: Account<'info, MessageAccount>,
}

Diff
- #[derive(Accounts)]
- pub struct Delete {}

+ #[derive(Accounts)]
+ pub struct Delete<'info> {
+     #[account(mut)]
+     pub user: Signer<'info>,
+
+     #[account(
+         mut,
+         seeds = [b"message", user.key().as_ref()],
+         bump = message_account.bump,
+         close = user,
+     )]
+     pub message_account: Account<'info, MessageAccount>,
+ }

Explanation
The Delete struct defines the accounts required for the delete instruction:

user: Signer<'info>

Represents the user closing the message account
Marked as mutable (#[account(mut)]) as it will receive the lamports from the closed account
Must be a signer to ensure only the correct user can close their message account
message_account: Account<'info, MessageAccount>

The account being closed
mut constraint indicates this account will be modified
seeds and bump constraints ensure the account is the correct PDA
close = user constraint specifies that this account will be closed and its lamports transferred to the user account
Next, implement the logic for the delete instruction.

lib.rs
pub fn delete(_ct


[User] What does the code sample for 'getLeaderSchedule' in Solana demonstrate about making API calls?

[Assistant]
The code sample for the `getLeaderSchedule` method in Solana demonstrates how to make an API call to the Solana JSON-RPC endpoint to retrieve the leader schedule for a specific validator. Here's a breakdown of the key components of the API call:

1. **HTTP Method**: The request uses the POST method, which is common for sending data to a server.

2. **Endpoint**: The API call is made to the Solana Devnet endpoint (`https://api.devnet.solana.com`), indicating that this is a request to the development network.

3. **Headers**: The request includes a header specifying the content type as `application/json`, which informs the server that the body of the request is in JSON format.

4. **Request Body**: The body of the request contains a JSON object with the following fields:
   - `jsonrpc`: Specifies the version of the JSON-RPC protocol being used (in this case, "2.0").
   - `id`: A unique identifier for the request, which can be used to match responses to requests.
   - `method`: The name of the method being called, which is `getLeaderSchedule`.
   - `params`: An array of parameters for the method. In this example, it includes:
     - `null`: This indicates that the leader schedule for the current epoch is being requested.
     - An object with the `identity` field, which specifies the base-58 encoded identity of the validator for which the leader schedule is being requested.

Here’s the code sample again for reference:

```bash
curl https://api.devnet.solana.com -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '
  {
    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
    "id": 1,
    "method": "getLeaderSchedule",
    "params": [
      null,
      {
        "identity": "4Qkev8aNZcqFNSRhQzwyLMFSsi94jHqE8WNVTJzTP99F"
      }
    ]
  }
'
```

Overall, this code sample illustrates how to structure a JSON-RPC request to interact with the Solana blockchain, including how to specify parameters and handle the response format.

unspecified, the leader schedule for the current epoch is fetched

object optional

Configuration object containing the following fields:

commitment string optional

identity string optional

Only return results for this validator identity (base-58 encoded)

Result #
Returns a result with one of the two following values:

<null> - if requested epoch is not found, or
<object> - the result field will be a dictionary of validator identities, as base-58 encoded strings, and their corresponding leader slot indices as values (indices are relative to the first slot in the requested epoch)
Code sample #
curl https://api.devnet.solana.com -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '
  {
    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
    "id": 1,
    "method": "getLeaderSchedule",
    "params": [
      null,
      {
        "identity": "4Qkev8aNZcqFNSRhQzwyLMFSsi94jHqE8WNVTJzTP99F"
      }
    ]
  }
'

Response #
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "result": {
    "4Qkev8aNZcqFNSRhQzwyLMFSsi94jHqE8WNVTJzTP99F": [
      0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
      21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,
      39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,
      57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63
    ]
  },
  "id": 1
}

getMaxRetransmitSlot RPC Method
Edit Page
Get the max slot seen from retransmit stage.

Parameters #
None

Result #
<u64> - Slot number

Code sample #
curl https://api.devnet.solana.com -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: ap


[User] How can users sign up for ChainStack to get their own node endpoint?

[Assistant]
Users can sign up for ChainStack to get their own node endpoint by following these steps:

1. Visit the ChainStack website.
2. Choose to sign up using one of the following accounts: GitHub, Twitter, Google, or Microsoft.
3. Complete the sign-up process to create an account.

Once signed up, users can start for free and get their application to production levels immediately without the need for a credit card.

7d15b/ \
3
     --header 'accept: application/json' \
4
     --header 'content-type: application/json' \
5
     --data '
6
{
7
  "id": 1,
8
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
9
  "method": "getRecentPerformanceSamples",
10
  "params": [
11
    5
12
  ]
13
}
14
'

	getRecentPrioritizationFees | Solana
post
https://nd-326-444-187.p2pify.com/9de47db917d4f69168e3fed02217d15b/
Solana getRecentPrioritizationFees method
The getRecentPrioritizationFees method returns a list of recent prioritization fees observed in the network. These prioritization fees represent the per-compute-unit fees paid by transactions to gain priority over other transactions in the same block.

The prioritization fee is optional and can be attached to a transaction to increase its likelihood of being included in the next block. A transaction can be prioritized over other transactions with lower or no prioritization fees by paying a higher prioritization fee.

📘
Learn how to add priority fees to your transactions reading Solana: How to use Priority Fees to unlock faster transactions.

👍
Get your own node endpoint today

Start for free and get your app to production levels immediately. No credit card required.

You can sign up with your GitHub, Twitter, Google, or Microsoft account.

Parameters
array — an array of base-58 encoded public key strings representing Solana account addresses, with a maximum of 128 addresses.
Response
The response is an array of objects, where each object represents a prioritization fee observed in


[User] How can I estimate the maximum number of accounts to be used for a quote in QuickNode?

[Assistant]
To estimate the maximum number of accounts to be used for a quote in QuickNode, you can utilize the `maxAccounts` parameter. This parameter allows you to provide a rough estimate of the maximum accounts that will be involved in the quote process.

Here’s how you can specify the `maxAccounts` parameter in your request:

```json
{
  "maxAccounts": 10 // Replace 10 with your estimated number of accounts
}
```

In this example, you would replace `10` with your own estimate based on your application's requirements or the specific transaction you are working with. This helps in optimizing the quote process by informing QuickNode about the expected number of accounts to consider.

 the slippage then the swap transaction will fail
swapMode
string
The swap mode. Possible values include: ExactIn, ExactOut. The default value is set to ExactIn. ExactOut is for supporting use cases where you need an exact token amount, like payments
dexes
array
Specify the DEXes you want to include, separated by commas
excludeDexes
array
The DEXes that you want to exclude. Separate them with commas.
restrictIntermediateTokens
boolean
Restrict intermediate tokens to a top token set that has stable liquidity. This will help to ease potential high slippage error rate when swapping with minimal impact on pricing
onlyDirectRoutes
boolean
Direct Routes limits Jupiter routing to single hop routes only. By default, it is set to false
asLegacyTransaction
boolean
Instead of using versioned transaction, this will use the legacy transaction. By default, it is set to false
platformFeeBps
integer
If you want to charge the user a fee, you can specify the fee in BPS. Fee % is taken out of the output token
maxAccounts
integer
Rough estimate of the max accounts to be used for the quote, so that you can compose with your own accounts
autoSlippage
boolean
Default is false. By setting this to true, the API will automatically suggest slippage. computedAutoSlippage is the computed result, and slippageBps is what we suggest you to use. Reference maxAutoSlippageBps and autoSlippageCollisionUsdValue when using this parameter.
maxAutoSlippageBps
integer
Used in conjunction with autoSlippage when set t


[User] What does the 'include' parameter do in the CoinGecko API requests?

[Assistant]
The 'include' parameter in CoinGecko API requests specifies which attributes to include in the response. When you use this parameter, the attributes specified will be included under the "included" key at the top level of the response object.

For example, if you want to include specific attributes in your API request, you would set the 'include' parameter in your query. Here's a sample request using the 'include' parameter:

```shell
curl --request GET \
     --url 'https://pro-api.coingecko.com/api/v3/onchain/networks/network/tokens/address?include=attribute1,attribute2' \
     --header 'accept: application/json'
```

In this example, replace `attribute1` and `attribute2` with the actual attributes you want to include in the response. The response will then contain those specified attributes under the "included" key.

or its market cap value, even though it has a displayed value on GeckoTerminal, which might not be accurate as it often matches the Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV)
Market Cap can be verified by and sourced from CoinGecko, and the number may be higher than FDV as it may include Market Cap of tokens issued on other blockchain network.
Attributes specified in the include params will be included under the "included" key at the top level
Cache/Update frequency: every 60 seconds
Path Params
network
string
required
network id
*refers to /networks

address
string
required
token contract address

Query Params
include
string
attributes to include

Response

200
Get specific token on a network

Response body
object
data
object
id
string
type
string
attributes
object

attributes object
relationships
object

relationships object
included
array of objects
object
id
string
type
string
attributes
object

attributes object
relationships
object

relationships object
Updated about 1 month ago

Top Pools by Token Address
Tokens Data by Token Addresses
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1
curl --request GET \
2
     --url https://pro-api.coingecko.com/api/v3/onchain/networks/network/tokens/address \
3
     --header 'accept: application/json'

Try It!
RESPONSE
86
            "sellers": null
87
          },
88
          "h24": {
89
            "buys": 67,
90
            "sells": 84,
91
            "buyers": null,


[User] How does the `CounterInstruction` enum represent different instructions in Solana?

[Assistant]
The `CounterInstruction` enum in the provided code snippet represents different instructions that can be executed by the Solana program. It defines the types of operations that the program can handle, specifically for a counter application. Here’s a breakdown of how it works:

1. **Enum Definition**: The `CounterInstruction` enum is defined with two variants:
   - `InitializeCounter { initial_value: u64 }`: This variant is used to initialize the counter with a specific starting value. It includes a field `initial_value` of type `u64`, which represents the initial value of the counter.
   - `IncrementCounter`: This variant represents an instruction to increment the counter. It does not require any additional data.

   ```rust
   #[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
   pub enum CounterInstruction {
       InitializeCounter { initial_value: u64 }, // variant 0
       IncrementCounter,                         // variant 1
   }
   ```

2. **Instruction Unpacking**: The `unpack` method is implemented for the `CounterInstruction` enum to convert raw byte data into the corresponding enum variant. This method reads the first byte of the input to determine which instruction is being invoked:
   - If the first byte is `0`, it indicates the `InitializeCounter` variant, and the method attempts to read the next 8 bytes as a `u64` value for `initial_value`.
   - If the first byte is `1`, it indicates the `IncrementCounter` variant, which does not require any additional data.

   ```rust
   impl CounterInstruction {
       pub fn unpack(input: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ProgramError> {
           let (&variant, rest) = input
               .split_first()
               .ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData)?;

           match variant {
               0 => {
                   let initial_value = u64::from_le_bytes(
                       rest.try_into()
                           .map_err(|_| ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData)?,
                   );
                   Ok(Self::InitializeCounter { initial_value })
               }
               1 => Ok(Self::IncrementCounter),
               _ => Err(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData),
           }
       }
   }
   ```

3. **Error Handling**: If the input does not match any defined variants or if there is an issue with the data format, the method returns an error (`ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData`).

In summary, the `CounterInstruction` enum provides a structured way to define and handle different instructions for the counter program, allowing the program to understand what operation to perform based on the input data it receives.

    }
            1 => Ok(Self::IncrementCounter), // No additional data needed
            _ => Err(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData),
        }
    }
}

Add the following code to lib.rs to define the instructions for the counter program.

lib.rs
use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
use solana_program::{
    account_info::AccountInfo, entrypoint, entrypoint::ProgramResult, msg,
    program_error::ProgramError, pubkey::Pubkey,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

pub fn process_instruction(
    program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    // Your program logic
    Ok(())
}

#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
pub enum CounterInstruction {
    InitializeCounter { initial_value: u64 }, // variant 0
    IncrementCounter,                         // variant 1
}

impl CounterInstruction {
    pub fn unpack(input: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ProgramError> {
        // Get the instruction variant from the first byte
        let (&variant, rest) = input
            .split_first()
            .ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData)?;

        // Match instruction type and parse the remaining bytes based on the variant
        match variant {
            0 => {
                // For InitializeCounter, parse a u64 from the remaining bytes
                let initial_value = u64::from_le_bytes(
                    rest.try_into()
                        .map_err(|_| ProgramError::InvalidInstru


[User] What command does Solana use to run the test file after program deployment?

[Assistant]
To run the test file after deploying the program, you should use the command:

```
test
```

This command will execute the tests defined in your test file, and you should see an output indicating whether the tests passed successfully.

    // Check whether the data on-chain is equal to local 'data'
    assert(data.eq(newAccount.data));
  });
});

To run the test file once the program is deployed, run test in the terminal.

Terminal
test

You should see an output indicating that the test passed successfully.

Output
Terminal
$ test
Running tests...
  hello_anchor.test.ts:
  hello_anchor
    Use 'solana confirm -v 3TewJtiUz1EgtT88pLJHvKFzqrzDNuHVi8CfD2mWmHEBAaMfC5NAaHdmr19qQYfTiBace6XUmADvR4Qrhe8gH5uc' to see the logs
    On-chain data is: 42
    ✔ initialize (961ms)
  1 passing (963ms)

You can also use the Test button on the left-side panel.

Run Test
Run Test

You can then view the transaction logs by running the solana confirm -v command and specifying the transaction hash (signature) from the test output:

Terminal
solana confirm -v [TxHash]

For example:

Terminal
solana confirm -v 3TewJtiUz1EgtT88pLJHvKFzqrzDNuHVi8CfD2mWmHEBAaMfC5NAaHdmr19qQYfTiBace6XUmADvR4Qrhe8gH5uc

Output
Terminal
$ solana confirm -v 3TewJtiUz1EgtT88pLJHvKFzqrzDNuHVi8CfD2mWmHEBAaMfC5NAaHdmr19qQYfTiBace6XUmADvR4Qrhe8gH5uc
RPC URL: https://api.devnet.solana.com
Default Signer: Playground Wallet
Commitment: confirmed

Transaction executed in slot 308150984:
  Block Time: 2024-06-25T12:52:05-05:00
  Version: legacy
  Recent Blockhash: 7AnZvY37nMhCybTyVXJ1umcfHSZGbngnm4GZx6jNRTNH
  Signature 0: 3TewJtiUz1EgtT88pLJHvKFzqrzDNuHVi8CfD2mWmHEBAaMfC5NAaHdmr19qQYfTiBace6XUmADvR4Qrhe8gH5uc
  Signature 1: 3TrRbqeMYFCkjsxdPExxBkLAi9SB2pNUyg87ryB


[User] Why is it important to double-check the AMM ID when creating a farm on Raydium?

[Assistant]
It is important to double-check the AMM ID when creating a farm on Raydium because the AMM ID is crucial for ensuring that the rewards are distributed to the correct liquidity pool. Each new farm must be linked to an AMM ID, and using the wrong one could result in rewards being allocated to an unintended pool, which could negatively impact the intended liquidity providers and the overall effectiveness of the farm.

To verify the AMM ID, you can either search for it in the drop-down menu or paste it directly. This step helps prevent errors and ensures that the farm operates as intended. Additionally, checking the pool's Total Value Locked (TVL) can further confirm that you are associating the farm with the correct liquidity pool.

PR needed to achieve a target TVL, however, every project is different and results will vary.

Keep in mind any change to liquidity in the pool or price of reward tokens will affect APR.

Rewards allocated to farms are final and cannot be withdrawn once the farm is created. Extending or adjusting the rewards rate can only be done near the end of the current farming period, make sure to read part 4 of the guide below for specifics!

Creating a Farm
1: Connect wallet and choose target liquidity pool
First, navigate to the farms' page and click “Create Farm.” Make sure your wallet is connected.

Search for the liquidity pool you want to create a farm for in the drop-down menu or by pasting the AMM ID. Every new farm must be linked to an AMM ID. The same AMM ID can be used for more than one farm on Raydium. Read how to create a pool for your target pair if one does not currently exist.

Pasting an AMM ID or double-checking if it’s the correct one is the best way to ensure the rewards will be distributed to the correct pool. You can also check the pool TVL.

2: Set up rewards and duration
Before determining these parameters make sure to read through the points at the top of this guide.

Rewards: Choose the reward token and amount to be emitted from the farm. Farms support a minimum of 1 reward token and a maximum of 5 reward tokens.

Duration and Start Time: Choose a duration for farming period. The period must be a minimum of 7 days and a maximum of 90 days. Then select the dat


[User] How does the 'invoke' function work in the context of creating a new account on Solana?

[Assistant]
In Solana, the `invoke` function is used to call another program or execute a system instruction within the context of a program. When creating a new account, the `invoke` function is typically used to call the `create_account` system instruction, which allocates space for a new account and initializes it.

Here's how the `invoke` function works in the context of creating a new account:

1. **Parameters**: The `invoke` function takes two main parameters:
   - The instruction to be executed (in this case, the `create_account` instruction).
   - A slice of `AccountInfo` references that represent the accounts involved in the instruction.

2. **Creating the Account**: The `create_account` instruction requires several parameters:
   - The public key of the account that will pay for the new account (the `payer_account`).
   - The public key of the new account being created (the `counter_account`).
   - The amount of lamports to transfer to the new account.
   - The space allocated for the new account (in bytes).
   - The program ID of the program that will own the new account.

3. **Execution**: When the `invoke` function is called, it executes the specified instruction, which in this case creates the new account and transfers the necessary lamports from the payer's account.

Here’s an example code snippet that illustrates the use of the `invoke` function to create a new account:

```rust
let account_space = 8; // Size in bytes to store a u64

// Calculate minimum balance for rent exemption
let rent = Rent::get()?;
let required_lamports = rent.minimum_balance(account_space);

// Create the counter account
invoke(
    &system_instruction::create_account(
        payer_account.key,    // Account paying for the new account
        counter_account.key,  // New account's public key
        required_lamports,    // Amount of lamports to transfer
        account_space,        // Space allocated for the new account
        program_id,           // Program ID that will own the new account
    ),
    &[
        payer_account.clone(),
        counter_account.clone(),
        system_program.clone(),
    ],
)?;
```

In this example:
- The `invoke` function is called with the `create_account` instruction and a list of accounts involved in the operation.
- The `payer_account` is responsible for funding the new account, while the `counter_account` is the new account being created.
- The `system_program` is included to indicate that the system program is being invoked to handle the account creation.

Overall, the `invoke` function is essential for executing system-level operations like account creation within a Solana program.

// Set program owner to our program
        ),
        &[
            payer_account.clone(),
            counter_account.clone(),
            system_program.clone(),
        ],
    )?;

    // Create a new CounterAccount struct with the initial value
    let counter_data = CounterAccount {
        count: initial_value,
    };

    // Get a mutable reference to the counter account's data
    let mut account_data = &mut counter_account.data.borrow_mut()[..];

    // Serialize the CounterAccount struct into the account's data
    counter_data.serialize(&mut account_data)?;

    msg!("Counter initialized with value: {}", initial_value);

    Ok(())
}

lib.rs
// Initialize a new counter account
fn process_initialize_counter(
    program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    initial_value: u64,
) -> ProgramResult {
    let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();

    let counter_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    let payer_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    let system_program = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

    // Size of our counter account
    let account_space = 8; // Size in bytes to store a u64

    // Calculate minimum balance for rent exemption
    let rent = Rent::get()?;
    let required_lamports = rent.minimum_balance(account_space);

    // Create the counter account
    invoke(
        &system_instruction::create_account(
            payer_account.key,    // Account paying for the new account
            counter_account.


[User] How can I retrieve the block-level rewards associated with a transaction using Tatum?

[Assistant]
To retrieve the block-level rewards associated with a transaction using Tatum, you need to ensure that your request includes the parameter to request rewards. The rewards will be included in the response if they are requested.

Here’s a general outline of how you can structure your JSON-RPC request to get the transaction details, including block-level rewards:

```json
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "getTransaction",
  "params": [
    "TRANSACTION_HASH", // Replace with the actual transaction hash
    {
      "rewards": true // Requesting rewards
    }
  ]
}
```

In the response, you will find a `rewards` field that contains the block-level rewards associated with the transaction. The response will include details such as the type of reward and any applicable commissions.

Make sure to replace `"TRANSACTION_HASH"` with the actual hash of the transaction you are querying.

 Account balance in lamports after the reward was applied
rewardType: Type of reward: "fee", "rent", "voting", "staking"
commission: Vote account commission when the reward was credited, only present for voting and staking rewards
DEPRECATED: status: Transaction status
"Ok": Transaction was successful
"Err": Transaction failed with TransactionError
loadedAddresses: Transaction addresses loaded from address lookup tables. Undefined if maxSupportedTransactionVersion is not set in request params.
writable: Ordered list of base-58 encoded addresses for writable loaded accounts
readonly:Ordered list of base-58 encoded addresses for readonly loaded accounts
returnData: The most-recent return data generated by an instruction in the transaction, with the following fields:
programId: The program that generated the return data, as base-58 encoded Pubkey
data: The return data itself, as base-64 encoded binary data
computeUnitsConsumed: Number of compute units consumed by the transaction
version: Transaction version. Undefined if maxSupportedTransactionVersion is not set in request params.
signatures: An array of signatures strings, corresponding to the transaction order in the block. This field is present if "signatures" are requested for transaction details.
rewards: Block-level rewards, present if rewards are requested.
blockTime: Estimated production time, as Unix timestamp (seconds since the Unix epoch).
blockHeight: The number of blocks beneath this block.
JSON-RPC Request Example


[User] What is the purpose of the commitment parameter in Solana's RPC methods?

[Assistant]
The `commitment` parameter in Solana's RPC methods is used to specify the level of assurance that the response data is finalized or confirmed. It helps users define how much they want to trust the data returned by the RPC call regarding its permanence on the blockchain.

While the documentation snippet does not provide specific values for the `commitment` parameter, it typically allows users to choose from different levels of commitment, such as "processed," "confirmed," or "finalized." This can affect the reliability of the data returned, especially in a rapidly changing environment like a blockchain.

For example, when calling methods like `getSlot` or `getSlotLeader`, you can include the `commitment` parameter to indicate the desired level of confirmation for the data you are retrieving.

Here’s a sample code snippet that demonstrates how to include the `commitment` parameter in an RPC call:

```bash
curl https://api.devnet.solana.com -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '
  {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1, "method":"getSlot", "params":[{"commitment":"confirmed"}]}
'
```

In this example, the `commitment` parameter is set to "confirmed," which means the response will reflect the state of the blockchain with a higher level of assurance than if it were set to a lower commitment level.

eached the given or default commitment level

Parameters #
object optional

Configuration object containing the following fields:

commitment string optional

minContextSlot number optional

The minimum slot that the request can be evaluated at

Result #
<u64> - Current slot

Code sample #
curl https://api.devnet.solana.com -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '
  {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1, "method":"getSlot"}
'

Response #
{ "jsonrpc": "2.0", "result": 1234, "id": 1 }

getSlotLeader RPC Method
Edit Page
Returns the current slot leader

Parameters #
object optional

Configuration object containing the following fields:

commitment string optional

minContextSlot number optional

The minimum slot that the request can be evaluated at

Result #
<string> - Node identity Pubkey as base-58 encoded string

Code sample #
curl https://api.devnet.solana.com -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '
  {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1, "method":"getSlotLeader"}
'

Response #
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "result": "ENvAW7JScgYq6o4zKZwewtkzzJgDzuJAFxYasvmEQdpS",
  "id": 1
}

getSlotLeaders RPC Method
Edit Page
Returns the slot leaders for a given slot range

Parameters #
u64 optional

Start slot, as u64 integer

u64 optional

Limit, as u64 integer (between 1 and 5,000)

Result #
<array[string]> - array of Node identity public keys as base-58 encoded strings

Code sample #
If the current slot is #99 - query the next 10 leaders with the following request:

curl https://api.devnet.sola


[User] What method is used to subscribe to trades made by specific accounts in Pump Portal?

[Assistant]
To subscribe to trades made by specific accounts in Pump Portal, you use the method `"subscribeAccountTrade"`.

Here is an example of how to implement this in Python using the WebSocket connection:

```python
import asyncio
import websockets
import json

async def subscribe():
    uri = "wss://pumpportal.fun/api/data"
    async with websockets.connect(uri) as websocket:

        # Subscribing to trades made by accounts
        payload = {
            "method": "subscribeAccountTrade",
            "keys": ["AArPXm8JatJiuyEffuC1un2Sc835SULa4uQqDcaGpAjV"]  # array of accounts to watch
        }
        await websocket.send(json.dumps(payload))

        async for message in websocket:
            print(json.loads(message))

# Run the subscribe function
asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(subscribe())
```

In this example, replace the account key in the `keys` array with the specific account(s) you want to monitor for trades.

N AT A TIME:
You should NOT open a new Websocket connection for every token or account you subscribe to. Instead, you should send any new subscribe messages to the same connection. Clients that repeatedly attempt to open many websocket connections at once may be blacklisted. If this happens you must reach out in Telegram so we can remove the ban.

Examples:
Python
JavaScript
import asyncio
import websockets
import json

async def subscribe():
  uri = "wss://pumpportal.fun/api/data"
  async with websockets.connect(uri) as websocket:

      # Subscribing to token creation events
      payload = {
          "method": "subscribeNewToken",
      }
      await websocket.send(json.dumps(payload))

      # Subscribing to trades made by accounts
      payload = {
          "method": "subscribeAccountTrade",
          "keys": ["AArPXm8JatJiuyEffuC1un2Sc835SULa4uQqDcaGpAjV"]  # array of accounts to watch
      }
      await websocket.send(json.dumps(payload))

      # Subscribing to trades on tokens
      payload = {
          "method": "subscribeTokenTrade",
          "keys": ["91WNez8D22NwBssQbkzjy4s2ipFrzpmn5hfvWVe2aY5p"]  # array of token CAs to watch
      }
      await websocket.send(json.dumps(payload))

      async for message in websocket:
          print(json.loads(message))

# Run the subscribe function
asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(subscribe())

You can also unsubscribe from any data stream in the same way, using the following methods:

unsubscrib


[User] What are the required path parameters when querying pool info on CoinGecko?

[Assistant]
When querying pool info on CoinGecko using the endpoint `/onchain/networks/{network}/pools/{pool_address}/info`, the required path parameters are:

1. **network**: This is a string that represents the network ID. It refers to the available networks listed in the `/networks` endpoint.
2. **pool_address**: This is a string that represents the pool contract address you want to query.

Both parameters are mandatory for making a successful request to the API.

  "categories": [],
20
      "gt_categories_id": []
21
    }
22
  }
23
}

Pool Tokens Info by Pool Address
get
https://pro-api.coingecko.com/api/v3/onchain/networks/{network}/pools/{pool_address}/info
This endpoint allows you to query pool info including base and quote token info based on provided pool contract address on a network

👍
Tips

If you would like to query pool data such as price, transactions, volume and etc. You can go to this endpoint /networks/{network}/pools/{address} instead
Cache/Update frequency: every 60 seconds
Learn more about GT score here.
Path Params
network
string
required
network id
*refers to /networks

pool_address
string
required
pool contract address

Response

200
Get pool tokens info on a network

Response body
object
data
object
id
string
type
string
attributes
object

attributes object
Updated about 1 month ago

Token Info by Token Address
Most Recently Updated Tokens List
Did this page help you?
Language

Shell

Node

Ruby

PHP

Python
Credentials
x-cg-pro-api-key

Log in to use your API keys
1
curl --request GET \
2
     --url https://pro-api.coingecko.com/api/v3/onchain/networks/network/pools/pool_address/info \
3
     --header 'accept: application/json'

Try It!
RESPONSE
1
{
2
  "data": [
3
    {
4
      "id": "eth_0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2",
5
      "type": "token",
6
      "attributes": {
7
        "address": "0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2",
8
        "name": "Wrapped Ether",
9
        "symbol": "WETH",
1


[User] What does the 'page' parameter signify when making requests to QuickNode for asset data?

[Assistant]
The 'page' parameter in requests to QuickNode for asset data signifies the index of the page to retrieve. It is important to note that the page parameter starts at 1. This means that if you want to access the first page of results, you would set the 'page' parameter to 1, the second page to 2, and so on. This allows for pagination of results when retrieving asset data.

Here is an example of how to use the 'page' parameter in a request:

```javascript
const ownerAddress = "E645TckHQnDcavVv92Etc6xSWQaq8zzPtPRGBheviRAk";
const options = {
    page: 2, // Retrieves the second page of results
    limit: 10 // Maximum number of assets to retrieve per page
};

// Example function to fetch assets
async function fetchAssets(ownerAddress, options) {
    const response = await fetch(`https://your-quicknode-endpoint.com/assets?owner=${ownerAddress}&page=${options.page}&limit=${options.limit}`);
    const data = await response.json();
    return data;
}

fetchAssets(ownerAddress, options).then(data => console.log(data));
```

In this example, the request is set to retrieve the second page of asset data for a specific owner, with a limit of 10 assets per page.

edit value for this method is 60.
Updated on
Oct 23, 2024
Please note that this RPC method requires the Solana DAS (Digital Asset Standard) API add-on enabled on your QuickNode endpoint.
Solana Web3.js 2.0 includes the ability to customize RPC methods and transports, allowing you to seamlessly integrate QuickNode Marketplace add-ons into your applications. For more information on how to use QuickNode Marketplace add-ons with Solana Web3.js 2.0, check out these guides: How to Use QuickNode Add-ons using Solana Web3.js 2.0 (Part 1) and How to Use QuickNode Add-ons using Solana Web3.js 2.0 (Part 2)
Parameters
ownerAddress
string
REQUIRED
The address of the owner
E645TckHQnDcavVv92Etc6xSWQaq8zzPtPRGBheviRAk
options
object
Optional flags which can be used to return additional information about an asset
showFungible
boolean
Whether to return token_info object about an asset
showCollectionMetadata
boolean
Whether to return the collection metadata
sortBy
object
Sorting Criteria.
sortBy
string
The criteria to sort by - can be one of "created", "updated", "recentAction", "none"
sortDirection
string
Can be one of "asc", "desc"
limit
integer
The maximum number of assets to retrieve
cursor
string
The cursor from which to continue returning paginated results
page
integer
The index of the page to retrieve. The page parameter starts at 1
before
string
Retrieve assets before the specified id
after
string
Retrieve assets after the specified id
Returns
assetList
object
The information about the


[User] How does Solana handle default selections in ActionParameterSelectable options?

[Assistant]
In Solana, the `ActionParameterSelectable` interface includes an optional property called `selected` within the options array. This property indicates whether a specific option should be selected by default. Here’s a brief overview of how default selections are handled:

- Each option in the `options` array can have a `selected` boolean property.
- If `selected` is set to `true` for an option, that option will be pre-selected when the user interface is rendered.

Here is a simplified example of how the `ActionParameterSelectable` might be structured with default selections:

```typescript
interface ActionParameterSelectable {
  options: Array<{
    label: string; // displayed UI label of this selectable option
    value: string; // value of this selectable option
    selected?: boolean; // whether or not this option should be selected by default
  }>;
}

// Example usage
const selectableAction: ActionParameterSelectable = {
  options: [
    { label: "Option 1", value: "value1", selected: true }, // This option is selected by default
    { label: "Option 2", value: "value2" }, // This option is not selected by default
    { label: "Option 3", value: "value3" }  // This option is not selected by default
  ]
};
```

In this example, "Option 1" would be displayed as the default selected option when the user interface is presented. If no `selected` property is set or if it is set to `false`, the option will not be selected by default.

e checkbox and radio for differences).

This ActionParameterSelectable can be simplified to the following type definition:

ActionParameterSelectable
/**
 * note: for ease of reading, this is a simplified type of the actual
 */
interface ActionParameterSelectable extends ActionParameter {
  options: Array<{
    /** displayed UI label of this selectable option */
    label: string;
    /** value of this selectable option */
    value: string;
    /** whether or not this option should be selected by default */
    selected?: boolean;
  }>;
}

If no type is set or an unknown/unsupported value is set, blink-clients should default to text and render a simple text input.

The Action API is still responsible to validate and sanitize all data from the user input parameters, enforcing any “required” user input as necessary.

For platforms other that HTML/web based ones (like native mobile), the equivalent native user input component should be used to achieve the equivalent experience and client side validation as the HTML/web input types described above.

Example GET Response #
The following example response provides a single "root" action that is expected to be presented to the user a single button with a label of "Claim Access Token":

{
  "title": "HackerHouse Events",
  "icon": "<url-to-image>",
  "description": "Claim your Hackerhouse access token.",
  "label": "Claim Access Token" // button text
}

The following example response provides 3 related action links that allow the use


[User] How does Jupiter protect users from front-running and sandwich attacks?

[Assistant]
Jupiter protects users from front-running and sandwich attacks through its integration with Jito, which implements a mechanism for managing transactions effectively. This mechanism includes features such as:

1. **Low-Latency Transaction Streaming**: This ensures that transactions are executed quickly, reducing the window of opportunity for malicious actors to exploit the transaction.

2. **Atomic Transaction Bundles**: Jupiter allows multiple related transactions to be executed together or not at all. This means that if any part of a bundled sequence fails, the entire bundle is reverted. This feature provides "revert protection," which helps mitigate the risks associated with harmful MEV (Miner Extractable Value) strategies.

3. **MEV Protection on the Frontend**: Jupiter sends transactions directly to the Jito validator, which further enhances protection against front-running and sandwich attacks.

By using these features, Jupiter aims to create a safer environment for users and decentralized applications (dApps) that rely on time-sensitive transactions.

For more detailed information, you can refer to the Jito documentation: [Jito Tip & MEV Protection](https://docs.jito.wtf/).

sactions, ensuring they land on the blockchain exactly as intended, which mitigates risks such as front-running and sandwich attacks. This mechanism helps protect both users and decentralised applications (dApps) that rely on time-sensitive transactions.

Jito achieves this through features like low-latency transaction streaming, which ensures fast execution, and atomic transaction bundles, which allow multiple related transactions to execute together or not at all. This bundling process provides “revert protection,” meaning that if any part of a bundled sequence fails, the entire bundle is reverted, reducing exposure to harmful MEV strategies.

Jupiter also includes MEV protection on our frontend, sending your transaction directly to the Jito validator.

More info on Jito tip & MEV protection: https://docs.jito.wtf/.

To automatically include Jito tips in your Jupiter swap transaction:

const { swapTransaction } = await (
  await fetch('https://quote-api.jup.ag/v6/swap', {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/json'
    },
    body: JSON.stringify({
      quoteResponse,
      userPublicKey: wallet.publicKey.toString(),
      prioritizationFeeLamports: {
        jitoTipLamports: 1000000
      }
    })
  })
).json();

Please make sure that you are only submitting your transactions to Jito endpoints if you have Jito tips attached. If not, it will not work.

Integrating Jupiter Limit Order v2
Jupiter Limit Order v2 (LO) provides users with the sim


[User] In Solana, how are account indices specified in the 'accounts' array used during transaction execution?

[Assistant]
In Solana, the 'accounts' array within a transaction message specifies the indices of accounts that will be passed to the program executing the instruction. Each index in this array corresponds to an entry in the 'message.accountKeys' array, which contains all the accounts involved in the transaction.

Here's how it works:

1. **Indexing**: Each account in the 'message.accountKeys' array has a unique index. The 'accounts' array uses these indices to indicate which specific accounts the program should access during execution.

2. **Execution**: When the program processes the instruction, it uses the indices provided in the 'accounts' array to retrieve the corresponding accounts from the 'message.accountKeys' array. This allows the program to read from or modify the specified accounts as needed.

For example, if you have the following 'message.accountKeys' array:

```json
"accountKeys": [
    "AccountA",
    "AccountB",
    "AccountC"
]
```

And your 'accounts' array specifies:

```json
"accounts": [0, 2]
```

This means that during the execution of the instruction, the program will access 'AccountA' (index 0) and 'AccountC' (index 2) from the 'message.accountKeys' array.

This indexing mechanism allows for efficient access to the required accounts while keeping the transaction structure organized.

nsaction.
header: <object> - Details the account types and signatures required by the transaction.
numRequiredSignatures: <number> - The total number of signatures required to make the transaction valid. The signatures must match the first numRequiredSignatures of message.accountKeys.
numReadonlySignedAccounts: <number> - The last numReadonlySignedAccounts of the signed keys are read-only accounts. Programs may process multiple transactions that load read-only accounts within a single PoH entry, but are not permitted to credit or debit lamports or modify account data. Transactions targeting the same read-write account are evaluated sequentially.
numReadonlyUnsignedAccounts: <number> - The last numReadonlyUnsignedAccounts of the unsigned keys are read-only accounts.
recentBlockhash: <string> - A base-58 encoded hash of a recent block in the ledger used to prevent transaction duplication and to give transactions lifetimes.
instructions: <array[object]> - List of program instructions that will be executed in sequence and committed in one atomic transaction if all succeed.
programIdIndex: <number> - Index into the message.accountKeys array indicating the program account that executes this instruction.
accounts: <array[number]> - List of ordered indices into the message.accountKeys array indicating which accounts to pass to the program.
data: <string> - The program input data encoded in a base-58 string.
addressTableLookups: <array[object]|undefined> - List of address table lookup


[User] What is DexScreener's policy regarding the collection of personal information from children under the age of 13?

[Assistant] DexScreener's policy states that their Service does not address anyone under the age of 13, and they do not knowingly collect personally identifiable information from anyone in that age group. If a parent or guardian becomes aware that their child has provided personal data to DexScreener, they are encouraged to contact the company. Additionally, if DexScreener becomes aware that they have collected personal data from someone under the age of 13 without verification of parental consent, they will take steps to remove that information.

al Data may be transferred. We will provide notice before Your Personal Data is transferred and becomes subject to a different Privacy Policy.

Law enforcement
Under certain circumstances, the Company may be required to disclose Your Personal Data if required to do so by law or in response to valid requests by public authorities (e.g. a court or a government agency).

Other legal requirements
The Company may disclose Your Personal Data in the good faith belief that such action is necessary to:

Comply with a legal obligation

Protect and defend the rights or property of the Company

Prevent or investigate possible wrongdoing in connection with the Service

Protect the personal safety of Users of the Service or the public

Protect against legal liability

Security of Your Personal Data
The security of Your Personal Data is important to Us, but remember that no method of transmission over the Internet, or method of electronic storage is 100% secure. While We strive to use commercially acceptable means to protect Your Personal Data, We cannot guarantee its absolute security.

Children's Privacy
Our Service does not address anyone under the age of 13. We do not knowingly collect personally identifiable information from anyone under the age of 13. If You are a parent or guardian and You are aware that Your child has provided Us with Personal Data, please contact Us. If We become aware that We have collected Personal Data from anyone under the age of 13 without verification of pare


[User] What should you be cautious about before executing function blocks in Jupiter?

[Assistant]
Before executing function blocks in Jupiter, you should be cautious about the following:

1. **Irreversibility of Swaps**: Swaps are irreversible. Ensure that you are certain about your code before executing it, as there is no way to undo a swap once it has been completed.

2. **Running Code Without Supervision**: Be extra careful if you are running intervals or any code that operates without human supervision. This can lead to unintended consequences if the code behaves unexpectedly.

Always double-check your code and logic to avoid any mistakes that could result in loss of assets or unintended transactions.

resource: https://solanacookbook.com

Private Key, beware of compromising your wallet.

A wallet Private Key is the most important strings of text, that allows anyone to restore/access your wallet, make sure you never commit your Private Key into your version control (Git, etc.), or expose them anywhere.

The safer way would be the use of .env file in your projects, and adding a .gitignore entry. Managing secrets can feel like extra work, but it is necessary to keep your wallets safe.

Our example repos are all equipped with .env support by default, if you want to configure it yourself: dotenv, react-native-dotenv.

Careful! Before executing this function block!

Swaps are irreversible! Make sure you are certain with your code, and be extra careful if you happen to run intervals, or any code without human supervision.

Compatible Wallets Supported by Jupiter
Wallets supported on Jupiter
TLDR: Only wallets that are aligned with the Wallet Standard will be supported going forward. You will still be able to access wallets that were previously supported on our legacy site.

Why is my wallet not supported?
We are sorry if your go-to wallet is not supported. We recommend migrating to other wallet that are aligned with the Wallet Standard, such as Phantom, Glow, Backpack, OKX and more.

Wallets that do not conform to the latest standard have always been difficult for us to support. The challenges include:

Not supporting Versioned Transaction, which severely impacts the routing expe


[User] What headers must be included when making a POST request to the Jupiter transaction endpoint?

[Assistant]
When making a POST request to the Jupiter transaction endpoint, the following headers must be included:

```plaintext
Accept: application/json
Content-Type: application/json
```

These headers ensure that the request is properly formatted and that the server understands the type of data being sent and expected in response.

you are submitting the transaction, make sure that you are using one of the native Solana RPC:

Helius: https://www.helius.dev/
Triton: https://triton.one/
Yes, RPC matters. Use one of the above.

Bonus point, you can also submit your Jupiter transactions to the Jupiter transaction endpoint:

fetch(`https://worker.jup.ag/send-transaction`, {
  method: 'POST',
  headers: {
    Accept: 'application/json',
    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
  },
  body: JSON.stringify(transactionPayload),
});

Do note that this endpoint only works with Jupiter transactions.

Lastly, make sure that you submit your transaction using the transactionSender.

On a High Level
You want to optimise your transaction landing rates by:

Setting competitive priority fees
Managing slippage effectively
Setting the optimal amount of compute units
Broadcasting transactions efficiently
Jupiter Swap API helps you improve transaction success with dynamic slippage and priority fees built directly into our API.

Priority Fees
What is priority fees?
Priority Fees are optional fees, priced in micro-lamports per Compute Unit (CU), that you can add to your transaction on top of the base transaction fee (5,000 lamports / 0.000005 SOL) to get prioritised in the leader queue. By paying an additional fee, you improve the chances of landing your transactions more quickly.

Transactions submitted to the blockchain are prioritised based on a fee-bidding process. The higher the priority fee, the higher your transaction wil


[User] What are the types of accounts required when calling the `process_instruction` function in Solana?

[Assistant]
When calling the `process_instruction` function in Solana, the following types of accounts are required:

1. **Payer Account**: This account must be a signer, as it is responsible for paying for the transaction.
2. **Hello State Account**: This account must be writable, as it will hold the state of the program.
3. **Rent Account**: This account is required to check for rent exemptions.
4. **System Program**: This account is needed for system-level operations.

Here’s a summary of the accounts required:

- **1. [signer] Payer**
- **2. [writable] Hello state account**
- **3. [] Rent account**
- **4. [] System Program**

These accounts are accessed in the `process_instruction` function using an iterator to facilitate fetching each account in order.

t inside the accounts array. Let's see a simple instruction which expects a bunch of accounts and requiring to parse each of them.

read-accounts.rs
use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
use solana_program::{
    account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo},
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    pubkey::Pubkey,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
pub struct HelloState {
    is_initialized: bool,
}

// Accounts required
/// 1. [signer] Payer
/// 2. [writable] Hello state account
/// 3. [] Rent account
/// 4. [] System Program
pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    // Fetching all the accounts as a iterator (facilitating for loops and iterations)
    let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    // Payer account
    let payer_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // Hello state account
    let hello_state_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // Rent account
    let rent_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // System Program
    let system_program = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

    Ok(())
}

Reading Multiple Instructions
Solana allows us to take a peek at all of the instructions in the current transaction. We can store them in a variable and iterate over them. We can do many things with this, like checking for suspicious transactions.

read-multiple-instructi


[User] How does DexScreener's RSI indicator provide insights into market strength and weakness?

[Assistant]
DexScreener's Relative Strength Index (RSI) indicator is a momentum-based oscillator that helps traders gauge the speed and magnitude of directional price movements. It provides insights into market strength and weakness by offering a visual representation of both current and historical market conditions.

The RSI operates on a scale from 0 to 100, where typically:

- An RSI above 70 indicates that an asset may be overbought, suggesting that the price could be due for a correction or reversal.
- An RSI below 30 indicates that an asset may be oversold, suggesting that the price could be undervalued and may experience a rebound.

By analyzing the RSI values, traders can identify potential entry and exit points in the market. For example, if the RSI moves above the 70 threshold, it might signal a sell opportunity, while a drop below the 30 threshold could indicate a buying opportunity.

In summary, the RSI indicator on DexScreener helps traders assess market momentum and potential price reversals by highlighting overbought and oversold conditions.

r accuracy.

To access these indicators, simply navigate to the Indicators menu on the top toolbar. Here, you'll find a variety of options, including Bollinger Bands, Ichimoku Cloud, Moving Average, and more. Let's explore some of the most popular choices among traders and investors.

Popular indicators picks
When analyzing market movements, traders often rely on the Volume indicator. It gauges the amount of a financial asset traded within a set timeframe. Volume-based indicators aid traders in assessing the strengths of stock advances and declines, as well as broader market trends. By identifying market strength or weakness, Volume can validate price movements and signal potential reversals.

Another popular option is the Relative Strength Index (RSI) indicator. It's a versatile momentum-based oscillator used to gauge the speed and magnitude of directional price movements. RSI provides a visual representation of both current and historical market strength and weakness. Based on closing prices over a specified trading period, it offers a reliable metric for tracking price and momentum changes.

One more option for committed traders is the Exponential Moving Average (EMA). It's a technical indicator that reflects recent market data while relying on historical data. As one of many types of moving averages, EMA employs a straightforward formula. True to its name, it's exponential, giving greater weight to recent prices compared to older ones.

And just like that, TradingView Adv


[User] What is the recommended practice for stopping background jobs when using Tatum SDK?

[Assistant]
The recommended practice for stopping background jobs when using the Tatum SDK is to call the `destroy` method on the Tatum SDK instance. This method ensures that all background jobs are properly terminated.

Here is an example of how to use the `destroy` method:

```javascript
// yarn add @tatumio/tatum

import { TatumSDK, Solana, Network } from '@tatumio/tatum'

const tatum = await TatumSDK.init<Solana>({ network: Network.SOLANA });

// Your code to interact with Tatum SDK goes here

// When you are done and want to stop background jobs
await tatum.destroy(); // Destroy Tatum SDK - needed for stopping background jobs
```

Make sure to call `await tatum.destroy()` when you no longer need the SDK to ensure that all resources are released and background processes are stopped.

lowing fields:

absoluteSlot: The current slot.
blockHeight: The current block height.
epoch: The current epoch.
slotIndex: The current slot relative to the start of the current epoch.
slotsInEpoch: The number of slots in this epoch.
transactionCount: Total number of transactions processed without error since genesis.
JSON-RPC Request Example
JSON

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "getEpochInfo"
}
JSON-RPC Response Example
JSON

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "result": {
    "absoluteSlot": 166598,
    "blockHeight": 166500,
    "epoch": 27,
    "slotIndex": 2790,
    "slotsInEpoch": 8192,
    "transactionCount": 22661093
  },
  "id": 1
}

gettokenaccountsbydelegate
Solana RPC

Archive Method
Only on the full archive nodes. Complex queries might take longer and incur additional cost

How to use it
JavaScript

// yarn add @tatumio/tatum

import { TatumSDK, Solana, Network } from '@tatumio/tatum'

const tatum = (await TatumSDK.init) < Solana > { network: Network.SOLANA }

const delegate = 'GgPpTKg78vmzgDtP1DNn72CHAYjRdKY7AV6zgszoHCSa'

const res = await tatum.rpc.getTokenAccountsByDelegate(delegate)

await tatum.destroy() // Destroy Tatum SDK - needed for stopping background jobs
Overview
The getTokenAccountsByDelegate method returns all SPL Token accounts by a specified delegate. This can be useful when you need to retrieve all token accounts associated with a specific delegate address, typically in situations where you are managing or auditing the accounts managed by a p


[User] How does spreading investments over time with DCA on Jupiter potentially enhance long-term profitability?

[Assistant]
Spreading investments over time using Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA) on Jupiter can enhance long-term profitability through several key mechanisms:

1. **Smoothing Out Costs**: By dividing your capital into multiple smaller orders over a fixed interval and period of time, DCA helps to average out the purchase price of an asset. This means that you are less likely to buy all at a peak price, which can significantly reduce your overall cost basis.

2. **Reducing Risk of Market Timing**: Forecasting market peaks and troughs is notoriously difficult. DCA mitigates the risk associated with attempting to time the market by ensuring that your investments are made consistently over time, regardless of market conditions. This strategy allows you to benefit from price fluctuations without the stress of trying to predict the best entry point.

3. **Lowering Potential Losses**: By spreading out your investments, you reduce the impact of a single poor investment decision. If the market dips after your initial investment, subsequent purchases at lower prices can help to lower your average cost, potentially leading to better returns when the market recovers.

4. **Gradual Accumulation**: DCA is particularly effective for investors who have confidence in the long-term value of an asset. By gradually accumulating the asset over time, you can build a position without exposing yourself to the volatility of making a large investment all at once.

In summary, DCA on Jupiter allows for a disciplined investment approach that can lead to enhanced long-term profitability by averaging costs, reducing market timing risks, lowering potential losses, and facilitating gradual accumulation of assets.

d to receive a minimum amount of out-token
Transactions can be reverted if an inadequate amount of out-token is received. This ensures prices will not slip to a level where it is sufficiently profitable or at-all profitable for potential front-running bots.
The very nature of DCA is to split an order into multiple orders over a period of time, this naturally reduces price impact from front-running activities.

DCA Explainer and Use Cases
DCA1

What is Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA)?
Forecasting whether prices have reached their peak or bottomed out in the short term is one of the most challenging aspects of asset investment. Rather than committing a lump sum in a single transaction, which carries the risk of purchasing near the peak, employing a Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA) strategy allows you to spread out your investment over time. This helps to smooth out your overall cost, consequently lowering your cost basis. This, in turn, reduces potential losses while enhancing your profitability over the long run.

If you have confidence in the value of an asset, adopting a DCA approach proves to be an effective method for gradually accumulating it over time.

How DCA works?
Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA) is a straightforward yet powerful strategy that involves dividing your capital into multiple smaller orders over a fixed interval and period of time rather than placing a single large order. Jupiter's DCA automates these orders for you.

When to DCA?
Bear Market Accumulation
While forecas


[User] How does Raydium ensure liquidity trading on its platform using the OpenBook DEX GUI?

[Assistant]
Raydium ensures liquidity trading on its platform by utilizing a combination of its Automated Market Maker (AMM) and the OpenBook order book. Here’s how it works:

1. **Permissionless Pools**: Raydium allows anyone to create a liquidity pool. Once a pool is established, it can be immediately traded on the Raydium swap interface. This feature promotes a diverse range of liquidity pools, enhancing overall liquidity on the platform.

2. **Order Placement on OpenBook**: The AMM of the liquidity pool places orders on the OpenBook order book. This integration allows liquidity to be traded not only on the Raydium Trading page but also on any other OpenBook DEX GUI. This means that trades can occur with the liquidity provided by these pools across multiple platforms.

3. **Constant Function Market Maker**: Raydium employs the constant function K = Y*X for its liquidity pools. This equation allows for "infinite" liquidity to traders, as it does not require prior information about the relative prices or values of the tokens involved.

4. **Optimized Pricing**: Orders are priced according to the Fibonacci sequence, providing up to 20 orders at various prices with tight spreads (as small as 25 basis points). This optimization is specifically designed for the Solana blockchain, ensuring efficient trading.

By combining these elements, Raydium creates a robust environment for liquidity trading, leveraging both its AMM and the OpenBook DEX to facilitate seamless transactions.

2 USDC and 1.00022 RAY now when it is now withdrawn.

Additionally, if there is a farm or Fusion pool for the tokens you're LP-ing, you will be able to earn additional tokens.

If you are unfamiliar with the concept of impermanent loss, reviewing this article for a basic understanding is highly recommended.

Which curves do liquidity pools on Raydium use?
Raydium currently uses the constant function K = Y*X. This equation has a special property that is stateless and given any two tokens, without any information about their relative prices or value, it can provide “infinite” liquidity to traders. Raydium utilizes this equation and prices orders on the OpenBook order book according to the Fibonacci sequence to provide up to 20 orders at a variety of prices with spreads as small as 25bps between them, which is optimized for Solana.

What does Permissionless Pool mean?
Permissionless pools allow anyone to create a liquidity pool on Raydium. Once a pool is created it can then immediately be traded on the Raydium swap interface. The pool AMM will also place orders on the OpenBook order book, allowing liquidity to be traded on the Raydium Trading page, or any other OpenBook DEX GUI. Read this detailed explanation for more details.

How do I earn yield from liquidity provider fees on Raydium?
Every time a user swaps within a Raydium liquidity pool, a 0.25% fee is taken on the trade. 0.22% of that trade goes back to the LP pool. 0.03% of that goes to RAY buybacks. Fees deposited int


[User] What challenges does Meteora seek to address regarding liquidity on Solana?

[Assistant]
Meteora seeks to address the following challenges regarding liquidity on Solana:

1. **Lack of Liquidity**: Currently, Solana faces a significant obstacle due to its insufficient liquidity, which hampers user adoption and growth. Meteora aims to drive substantial liquidity to the platform to foster widespread adoption.

2. **Facilitating Essential Functions**: Deep liquidity for key tokens, such as SOL, is crucial for enabling smooth liquidation processes and minimizing bad debt risks within the ecosystem. Meteora's initiatives are designed to enhance this aspect of liquidity.

3. **Attracting Users from Other Chains**: By providing deep liquidity for wrapped tokens (e.g., BTC, ETH, ARB), Meteora aims to facilitate the bridging of assets across chains. This would help attract users from other blockchain ecosystems to Solana, thereby increasing its overall liquidity and user base.

Overall, Meteora's focus on building a secure, sustainable, and composable liquidity layer is intended to transform Solana into a more robust trading hub in the DeFi space.

Meteora: The most dynamic and sustainable liquidity layer on Solana
Welcome to Meteora! Our mission is to build the most secure, sustainable and composable liquidity layer for all of Solana and DeFi! By using Meteora’s DLMM, Dynamic AMM Pools, and Dynamic Vaults, liquidity providers can earn the best fees and yield on their capital.

This would help transform Solana into the ultimate trading hub for mainstream users in crypto by driving sustainable, long-term liquidity to the platform. Join us at Meteora to shape Solana's future as the go-to destination for all crypto participants.

Solana as DeFi's trading hub
Solana is best positioned to become the preferred trading hub in DeFi due to its speed, low fees, and scalability. It runs on a single state machine, which means that it is not fragmented between many L2 systems. This allows liquidity and systems built on top of Solana to work seamlessly together.

Currently, Solana's lack of liquidity poses a significant obstacle to user adoption and growth. Meteora aims to address this challenge and drive substantial liquidity to Solana, fostering its widespread adoption and robust growth.

Why Liquidity on Solana is Important
Facilitating Essential Functions: Deep liquidity for key tokens like SOL enables smooth liquidation and minimizes bad debt risks within the ecosystem.

Attracting Users from Other Chains: Deep liquidity for wrapped tokens (e.g., BTC, ETH, ARB) on Solana allows users to bridge assets across chains, attracting us


[User] Are there any limitations on which Actions can be supported by Solana blink client applications?

[Assistant]
Yes, there are limitations on which Actions can be supported by Solana blink client applications. Not all blink client applications (such as websites or decentralized applications) will support all Actions. Application developers have the discretion to choose which Actions they want to support within their blink interfaces.

This means that the availability of specific Actions may vary depending on the client application being used.

uding signing with their wallet.

https://example.domain/?action=<action_url>

For any client application to become a blink:

The blink URL must contain a query parameter of action whose value is a URL-encoded Action URL. This value must be URL-encoded to not conflict with any other protocol parameters.

The client application must URL-decode the action query parameter and introspect the Action API link provided (see Action URL scheme).

The client must render a rich user interface that enables a user to complete the full lifecycle of executing an Action, including signing with their wallet.

Info
Not all blink client applications (e.g. websites or dApps) will support all Actions. Application developers may chose which Actions they want to support within their blink interfaces.

The following example demonstrates a valid blink URL with an action value of solana-action:https://actions.alice.com/donate that is URL encoded:

https://example.domain/?action=solana-action%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Factions.alice.com%2Fdonate

Detecting Actions via Blinks #
Blinks may be linked to Actions in at least 3 ways:

Sharing an explicit Action URL: solana-action:https://actions.alice.com/donate

In this case, only supported clients may render the blink. There will be no fallback link preview, or site that may be visited outside of the non-supporting client.

Sharing a link to a website that is linked to an Actions API via an actions.json file on the website's domain root.

For example, https://alice.c


[User] What is the purpose of the ConnectionProvider component in the Solana wallet adapter?

[Assistant]
The `ConnectionProvider` component in the Solana wallet adapter serves the purpose of providing a context for the connection to the Solana blockchain. It allows your application to specify the RPC endpoint that it will use to interact with the Solana network. This is essential for sending transactions, querying account information, and performing other operations on the blockchain.

Here’s how it fits into the overall structure:

1. **Endpoint Specification**: The `ConnectionProvider` takes an `endpoint` prop, which can be a URL to a Solana RPC server. This determines which network (e.g., devnet, testnet, or mainnet-beta) your application will connect to.

2. **Context Provider**: It wraps around other components, providing them access to the connection context, which is necessary for wallet interactions and blockchain operations.

Here’s a code example demonstrating its usage:

```javascript
import React, { FC, useMemo } from 'react';
import { ConnectionProvider } from '@solana/wallet-adapter-react';
import { clusterApiUrl } from '@solana/web3.js';

export const Wallet: FC = () => {
    // The network can be set to 'devnet', 'testnet', or 'mainnet-beta'.
    const network = WalletAdapterNetwork.Devnet;

    // You can also provide a custom RPC endpoint.
    const endpoint = useMemo(() => clusterApiUrl(network), [network]);

    return (
        <ConnectionProvider endpoint={endpoint}>
            {/* Other components that need access to the connection */}
        </ConnectionProvider>
    );
};
```

In this example, the `ConnectionProvider` is set up with the endpoint for the devnet, allowing any child components to access the connection to the Solana blockchain.

 --save \
    @solana/wallet-adapter-base \
    @solana/wallet-adapter-react \
    @solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui \
    @solana/wallet-adapter-wallets \
    @solana/web3.js@1 \
    react

The WalletProvider can than be setup to connect to a user's wallet and later send transactions.

import React, { FC, useMemo } from 'react';
import { ConnectionProvider, WalletProvider } from '@solana/wallet-adapter-react';
import { WalletAdapterNetwork } from '@solana/wallet-adapter-base';
import { UnsafeBurnerWalletAdapter } from '@solana/wallet-adapter-wallets';
import {
    WalletModalProvider,
    WalletDisconnectButton,
    WalletMultiButton
} from '@solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui';
import { clusterApiUrl } from '@solana/web3.js';

// Default styles that can be overridden by your app
require('@solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui/styles.css');

export const Wallet: FC = () => {
    // The network can be set to 'devnet', 'testnet', or 'mainnet-beta'.
    const network = WalletAdapterNetwork.Devnet;

    // You can also provide a custom RPC endpoint.
    const endpoint = useMemo(() => clusterApiUrl(network), [network]);

    const wallets = useMemo(
        () => [
            new UnsafeBurnerWalletAdapter(),
        ],
        // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
        [network]
    );

    return (
        <ConnectionProvider endpoint={endpoint}>
            <WalletProvider wallets={wallets} autoConnect>
                <WalletModalProvider>
                    <Wa


[User] What command is used to run the test for a Solana program, as indicated in the snippet?

[Assistant]
The command used to run the test for a Solana program, as indicated in the snippet, is:

```
cargo test-sbf
```

()
                .await;

        // Create the instruction to invoke the program
        let instruction =
            solana_program::instruction::Instruction::new_with_borsh(program_id, &(), vec![]);

        // Add the instruction to a new transaction
        let mut transaction = Transaction::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&payer.pubkey()));
        transaction.sign(&[&payer], recent_blockhash);

        // Process the transaction
        let transaction_result = banks_client.process_transaction(transaction).await;
        assert!(transaction_result.is_ok());
    }
}

Run the test using the cargo test-sbf command. The program log will display "Hello, world!".

Terminal
cargo test-sbf

Example output:

Terminal
running 1 test
[2024-10-18T21:24:54.889570000Z INFO  solana_program_test] "hello_world" SBF program from /hello_world/target/deploy/hello_world.so, modified 35 seconds, 828 ms, 268 µs and 398 ns ago
[2024-10-18T21:24:54.974294000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 1111111QLbz7JHiBTspS962RLKV8GndWFwiEaqKM invoke [1]
[2024-10-18T21:24:54.974814000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program log: Hello, world!
[2024-10-18T21:24:54.976848000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 1111111QLbz7JHiBTspS962RLKV8GndWFwiEaqKM consumed 140 of 200000 compute units
[2024-10-18T21:24:54.976868000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 1111111QLbz7JHiBTspS962RLKV8GndWFwiEaqKM succ


[User] How does Solana handle the serialization of account data in the provided code snippet?

[Assistant]
In the provided code snippet, Solana handles the serialization of account data through the use of the `serialize` method from the `borsh` serialization library. This is evident in the following parts of the code:

1. **Initialization of the PDA Account**:
   When a new account is initialized, the `WhiteListData` structure is created and its fields are set. The `serialize` method is then called to write the state of this structure into the account's data:

   ```rust
   pda_account_state.serialize(&mut &mut pda_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
   ```

   Here, `pda_account.data.borrow_mut()` provides mutable access to the account's data, and the `serialize` method writes the current state of `pda_account_state` into this data buffer.

2. **Adding a Key to the Whitelist**:
   When a new key is added to the whitelist, the existing state of the `pda_account_state` is first deserialized from the account's data using `try_from_slice`:

   ```rust
   let mut pda_account_state = WhiteListData::try_from_slice(&pda_account.data.borrow())?;
   ```

   After modifying the `white_list` field by pushing a new key, the updated state is serialized back into the account's data using the same `serialize` method:

   ```rust
   pda_account_state.serialize(&mut &mut pda_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
   ```

This process ensures that the account's data is correctly updated and reflects the current state of the `WhiteListData` structure after any modifications. The use of serialization and deserialization allows for efficient storage and retrieval of structured data in Solana's accounts.

ccount_state = WhiteListData::try_from_slice(&pda_account.data.borrow())?;

      pda_account_state.is_initialized = true;
      pda_account_state.white_list = Vec::new();
      pda_account_state.serialize(&mut &mut pda_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
      Ok(())
    }
    WhitelistInstruction::AddKey { key } => {
      msg!("AddKey");

      let mut pda_account_state = WhiteListData::try_from_slice(&pda_account.data.borrow())?;

      if !pda_account_state.is_initialized {
          return Err(ProgramError::InvalidAccountData);
      }

      let new_size = pda_account.data.borrow().len() + 32;

      let rent = Rent::get()?;
      let new_minimum_balance = rent.minimum_balance(new_size);

      let lamports_diff = new_minimum_balance.saturating_sub(pda_account.lamports());
      invoke(
          &system_instruction::transfer(funding_account.key, pda_account.key, lamports_diff),
          &[
              funding_account.clone(),
              pda_account.clone(),
              system_program.clone(),
          ],
      )?;

      pda_account.realloc(new_size, false)?;

      pda_account_state.white_list.push(key);
      pda_account_state.serialize(&mut &mut pda_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;

      Ok(())
    }
  }
}

How to do Cross Program Invocation
A cross program invocation, is simply put calling another program's instruction inside our program. One best example to put forth is Uniswap's swap functionality. The UniswapV2Router contract, calls the necessar